Home Blog Page 12

Firepower in modern conflicts: Lessons for India’s military preparedness (Part II)

Part II – Firepower Dominance in Ongoing Wars and Road Ahead for India

In Part I, an overview of the international geo-political and security environment was covered, with nations indulging in multi-domain strategies and operations. The salienceof firepower [artillery and unmanned aerial systems (UAS)] in combined arms operations was established. Strategically firepower acts as a conventional deterrent,and is the primary ingredient for victory in battle (Part I). In Part II, the actual employment and integration of firepower in ongoing battles, and what India should do, to be ready for any future confrontation/conflict has been covered.

Integration of Firepower Assets (artillery) and UAS in Ongoing Wars

UASs are increasingly part of a network of collaborative platforms and systems in a contested battlespace. The figure below illustrates an UAS acting as the link to multiple platforms and systems which could include satellites; multi-role fighters; long-range bombers; aerial refueling aircraft; destroyers and cruisers; carrier strike groups; expeditionary bases; command-control-communication centres; and long-range fires. To communicate across these platforms and systems (sensor-shooter integration), UASs need to pass information through layered networks; to include tactical targeting network technology (TTNT), Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL), multiband satellite communications (SATCOM), Link 16, and mesh networks (mainly NATO terms but all nations would need these).

Source: (CSIS International Security Programme)

Kill Chains: ​A new term “kill chains”, has emerged which is the process of gaining an understanding of the battlefield, identifying a possible target, determining the target’s location and other pertinent information, deliberating what action to take, and making a decision (such as conducting a strike). The UASs are playing an important part of the “reconnaissance strike complex”, which is designed for the coordinated employment of high-precision, long-range weapons linked to real-time intelligence data and accurate targeting. Russian forces have used a variety of UASs and loitering munitions in Ukraine, including the Orlan-10 and 30, Forpost-R, Eleron-3, Granat-1 and 2, Israeli Zastava, mini UAS Takhion-4, Orion, and loitering ammunition ZALA-421.

Integrated Firepower Operations in Ukraine War.In one operation, Ukrainian ground forces used forward-deployed UASs to identify a Russian infantry unit near Bakhmut in Donetsk, Oblast and fed the information to a command and control center, which passed it to Ukrainian soldiers that hit the Russian unit with a 122-mm howitzer. Ukrainian forces have utilized Kropyva, an intelligence mapping and artillery software populated by information from UASs and other sources. Forward-deployed tactical units have downloaded the software and continuously updated it on handheld tablets and computers. Ukraine has leveraged Starlink, a commercially owned (Elon Musk) satellite internet constellation that provides high-

speed, low-latency broadband internet using advanced satellites in low earth orbit for identification. One Ukrainian military official noted, “We use Starlink equipment and connect the drone team with our artillery team. If we use a drone with thermal vision at night, the drone must connect through Starlink to the artillery guy and create target acquisition.” Russians have employed Eleron-3 or Orlan-10 UASs to identify potential targets, such as Ukrainian C3 centres, infantry or main battle tanks; pass the information, including the type of target and its coordinates, to command and control facilities; and distribute it to systems that can strike the target, such as 2S19 Msta-S 152-mm self-propelled howitzers or Tornado-S 300-mm multiple launch rocket systems:as fast as within 3 to 5 mins, while with electronic warfare direction finding, acoustic reconnaissance, or counter-battery artillery radar, it might take Russian artillery half an hour for accurate artillery fire. If Russian forces are able to keep a UAS on a target, they can adjust fire in near real-time, even if the target is moving.

Strikes by UAVs/Drones: Russia and Ukraine have utilized UASs for strike missions, including against land, air, and maritime targets. Ukrainian Bayraktar TB2 drones have struck numerous Russian targets, such as howitzers, main battle tanks, supply trucks, towed artillery, maritime vessels, command posts, logistics depots, and Buk, Tor, Strela, and ZU-23 air defense systems. Illustrating UAS deployment in multi-domain environment, between April 26 and May 8, 2022, Ukrainian TB2s targetedseveral Raptor-class patrol boats, a Sarna-class landing craft, and helicopters in and near the Black Sea. Russia too conducted strikes with UASs, including Orlan-10s armed with freefall high-explosive fragmentation grenades. Russian forces have also utilized Iranian Shahed-131 and Shahed-136 UASs to strike targets deep inside Ukrainian territory. These types of UASs posed challenges for the Ukrainian military because they can fly at low altitudes that make it difficult for air defences to detect. Strategically, causing anxiety within the international community, during May/June 2023, Ukraine used UAS to strike wealthy districts of Moscow

Thoughts impacting the Indian Conflict Zones

​Rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape, and concept of multi-domain threats has emerged as a defining feature of our security challenges. The integration of capabilities across various domains, including land, air, sea, space, and cyberspace by our adversaries, creates complex and interconnected challenges for our armed forces. The terrain conditions in the Himalayas are quite similar to the Rasputitsa conditions in Ukraine; whereby movement will be restricted to the roads to a large extent. Move of infantry and mechanised forces will be severely limited.  Employment of Air will be restricted by fickle Himalayan weather. The battles will be largely fought by Infantry and Artillery. Hence the value of firepower will increase manifold. Few more aspects are highlighted.

• Integration of ISR Resources.​​Transparency of the battlefield to include close combat, and at operational and strategic depth has now become a sine quo non to dominate the battle space. Commanders at all levels need to know what is happening within their area of influence. Firepower assets must have real time sensor-shooter links in a fast-paced battlefield. Artillery hence requires dedicated, integrated ISR capabilities to bring down accurate, timely and effective fires. 

• Integrated and Integral Resources.​The fine distinction between integral and integrated needs to be bridged. Just as attack helicopters and mechanised forces must operate hand in glove providing intimate support, dedicated ISR resources specially UAS must be allocated to artillery. Need to review command and control of UAS assets (both recce and combat – under Army Aviation) in the Indian Army. 

• Conflict Zone: a paradox.​The war zone spaces have paradoxically both expanded and contracted! Transparency and long-range vectors contracts, and concurrently battle space has expanded to include the operational and strategic depth, due multi-domain kinetic and non-kinetic assets. The Ukraine war has amply demonstrated the destructive capability and potency of both close and deep fires. We need to urgently expand our firepower resources in numbers, quality and range. I must state here that while technology and firepower can substitute manpower to some extent, boots on the ground are ultimately required both to hold and capture ground.

• Whether against Pakistan or China, India’s emerging firepower assets will dominate the battlefield. Against Pakistan it will be the ‘battle winner’, and against China it will be a deterring force. The main source of firepower in mountains is Artillery since Air Force might not be as effective due to vagaries of weather and terrain conditions. The increasing density and lethality of air defence systems like S400, will limit the role and effectiveness of offensive Air Power.

• Hypersonic/cruise/guided missiles, rockets, guns and UAS, will deter our adversaries from launching any misadventure; imperative to increase capabilities and capacities.

• Employment of Deep Fires.​This concept is now essential to dominate the conflict zone; needs to be finetuned and we must apply it while conducting MDO.

Conclusion

Firepower/Artillery has been used to breakthrough/breach enemy defences to enable and generate movement, and conversely, firepower has also been used to fix and restrict manoeuvre by the enemy during recent wars. These conflicts will be analysed minutely by our adversaries. Like Russia, China too lays great emphasis on firepower specially employment of rockets and missiles. Their concept is to fightunder conditions of informatisation, using precision strike capabilities to paralyse enemy operational systems as part of their system destruction warfare. For us, capacity and capability building and integration of firepower is an operational imperative. Concept of deep fires needs credible and sufficient arsenal, and integration of all sensor-shooter links. Predominance of firepower is even more applicable along India’s unique contested borders, and must get the right impetus to modernise and grow. Indian Armed Forces have come a long way, and we continuously strive to train and equip our armed forces to fight a MDW, whenever called upon to do so.

Pak Army issues death threats to Pashtun leader Mohsin Dawar

Disturbing reports have emerged of assassination threats against Mohsin Dawar, a prominent Pashtun leader and vocal critic of the Punjabi Pak Army and its Paki establishment. This alarming development underscores the oppressive tactics employed by Pakistan’s military elite to silence dissent, particularly among the Pashtun community, which has long borne the brunt of Army-sponsored violence and manipulation.

Mohsin Dawar, a key figure in the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), has consistently challenged the Army’s duplicity, particularly its role in nurturing militancy to further its strategic goals in the region. He has accused the Paki establishment of adopting a hypocritical policy toward the Afghan and Pakistani Taliban—supporting them as proxies to destabilize Afghanistan while simultaneously targeting Pashtun voices that expose this dangerous agenda.

The Pakistan Army’s double standards are no secret. It has long used militant groups as tools of influence, creating chaos in neighboring Afghanistan while fostering insecurity in Pashtun regions. Dawar’s outspoken criticism of these policies, coupled with his calls for accountability, has made him a prime target for the military’s wrath. The threat to his life is yet another indication of the Army’s reliance on coercion and intimidation to stifle dissent and suppress the awakening of the Pashtun nation.

Informed and courageous Pashtuns who challenge the Army’s narrative are systematically targeted, either through direct violence or by enabling proxies to act on behalf of the military. The generals, whose power rests on perpetuating instability, view individuals like Dawar as a threat to their carefully constructed façade. Pashtun leaders who seek truth and justice are labeled as enemies, while the real culprits—the military and its militancy project—continue to evade accountability.

Pakistan Army’s exploitation deprives 2.8 million children of education in POB

The education system in Pak-occupied-Balochistan continues to suffer from one of the worst crises in Pakistan, with over 2.8 million children—boys and girls—denied their basic right to education. This alarming statistic exposes the systemic neglect of the province by the Paki establishment, particularly the Army, which has prioritized militarization over the welfare of the region’s people.

Official figures reveal that POB has nearly 5 million school-age children, but only 2.2 million are currently enrolled in schools. Of these, 1.1 million attend underfunded government schools, 700,000 are in private institutions, and just over 300,000 rely on semi-government setups. These figures underline the glaring disparities in access to education, exacerbated by decades of underinvestment and military exploitation.

Crippled Infrastructure

The state of educational infrastructure in POB paints a grim picture of abandonment. A staggering 3,694 schools are non-functional, while 6,995 schools operate with just a single teacher. Over 13,000 schools lack even the most basic facilities, such as boundary walls and functional washrooms, and 1,843 schools lack roofs, leaving children to study under the open sky.

This dismal state of infrastructure is not a failure of resources but of priorities. The Pakistan Army, which dominates the allocation of national budgets, drains funds for military operations in POB under the pretext of countering insurgency while ignoring the needs of the local population.

The crisis is further deepened by stark gender disparities. While 78% of girls and 63% of boys are out of school, the situation in rural areas is even worse, with only 2% of women literate. The absence of basic facilities, such as separate washrooms for girls, combined with societal pressures and security concerns fueled by the militarization of the region, forces many girls to drop out before completing primary school, particularly after reaching puberty.

Impact of Militarization

The province’s educational system is also crippled by a severe shortage of teachers, with 28% of government schools operating without adequate staff. The militarized environment created by the Pakistan Army has worsened this issue, with many teachers fleeing the region due to threats or insecurity, while others have been killed in the ongoing violence. This brain drain of educators is yet another consequence of the army’s oppressive policies in the province.

Natural disasters, such as the catastrophic floods of 2022, have further compounded the education crisis. Over 5,500 schools were destroyed, yet to date, only 50 have been repaired. Children are left to study in makeshift tents, temporary shelters, or under the open sky, deprived of even the most basic learning environment.

The sluggish response to these disasters reveals the government’s disregard for the plight of Balochistan’s children. While funds are funneled into the military’s coffers, the future of an entire generation is sacrificed.

A Call for Change

Experts and activists argue that addressing the educational crisis in POB requires immediate and sustained action. Key measures include rebuilding basic infrastructure, developing a modern curriculum, and recruiting qualified teachers on merit. The provision of essential facilities such as drinking water and separate washrooms is also critical.

While international organizations like UNICEF and the European Union have stepped in to provide support through the Balochistan Basic Education Program, the onus ultimately lies on the Pakistan to take responsibility. However, with the Pakistan Army’s grip on resources and its colonial mindset of exploitation over development, meaningful change remains elusive.

MP Vivek Tankha pledges to advocate Kashmiri Pandits’ rights in Parliament

Member of Parliament Vivek Tankha has reaffirmed his commitment to addressing the longstanding issues faced by Kashmiri Pandits (KPs) during the upcoming session of Parliament. The assurance came after a delegation from the All India Kashmiri Samaj (AIKS), led by its president Ravinder Pandita, met him in New Delhi to discuss key concerns.

The delegation thanked Tankha, a Kashmiri-origin MP from Madhya Pradesh, for his earlier efforts in raising the “Kashmiri Pandits (Recourse, Restitution, Rehabilitation and Resettlement) Bill, 2022” in the Rajya Sabha and urged him to continue pressing for justice and resettlement of the community. AIKS also presented him with a traditional Sharda shawl and a portrait, symbolizing their gratitude.

During the meeting, AIKS reiterated demands for the reconstitution of the apex body for Kashmiri Pandits, which was disbanded in 2014. The organization highlighted its critical role in coordinating and addressing the community’s concerns. Furthermore, AIKS urged Tankha to advocate for the reopening of the historic Sharda Peeth, a revered temple in Pakistan-occupied Jammu & Kashmir (PoJK), on the lines of the Kartarpur Corridor.

AIKS Urges MP Vivek Tankha

The reopening of Sharda Peeth, an ancient symbol of Kashmiri civilization and spirituality, would not only honor the sentiments of Kashmiri Pandits but also serve as a powerful reminder of their cultural and historical heritage. While the Kartarpur Corridor symbolizes goodwill for the Sikh community, the neglect of Sharda Peeth reflects Pakistan’s disregard for the shared heritage of South Asia. The Pakistan establishment’s reluctance to open Sharda Peeth reveals its selective approach to religious diplomacy, further marginalizing Kashmiri Hindus.

Tankha assured the delegation that he would bring these demands to the attention of Parliament and raise pertinent questions in the forthcoming session. He also expressed his support for the International Mother Tongue Day festival, organized by AIKS on February 22 in New Delhi, and accepted their invitation to attend.

The meeting underscores the relentless struggle of Kashmiri Pandits, who continue to demand justice and recognition of their rights decades after being forced to flee their homeland. The AIKS delegation, comprising General Secretary Sunil Koul, Vice Presidents Arun Shalia and Ramesh Kitchlu, and Joint Secretary Ashish Zutshi, also presented Tankha with the latest issue of Naad Magazine, the official mouthpiece of AIKS, highlighting their ongoing initiatives.

Afghan security forces arrest Pak Army backed ISKP terrorists

Afghan Security Forces successfully apprehended six alleged affiliates of the Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) in a targeted operation in Sar-e-Pul province (Afghanistan), the Police Command reported. These individuals are suspected of involvement in recent attacks orchestrated by the terror outfit. While authorities refrained from disclosing names, the arrests underline ongoing efforts to combat the ISKP’s reign of terror in the region.

The ISKP, infamous for its extremist ideology, has openly branded Shias and even the Afghan Taliban as apostates, using religion as a guise for its violent agenda. This is a pattern evident across many terrorist groups that exploit Islam to justify their atrocities, labeling non-Islamist regimes as infidels and Islamist governments as apostates, thereby perpetuating their cycle of bloodshed.

While Afghanistan intensifies its counter-terrorism operations, Pakistan’s role as a breeding ground for such extremist factions cannot be overlooked. The Pakistan Army is not only fostering and shielding terror groups for its geopolitical agenda, but has also played a duplicitous role in the region. By allowing extremist organizations like ISKP to operate and flourish within its borders, the Paki establishment has not only destabilized its neighbors but also sowed chaos within its own society.

Despite publicly denouncing terrorism, the Pak Army has been repeatedly exposed for harboring extremist leaders and providing safe havens for militant outfits. This policy of supporting proxies for strategic depth has backfired, with terror networks like ISKP becoming uncontrollable monsters that now threaten regional and global security.

Pak Army maliciously stops Pashtun leader Ali Wazir’s court appearance

Once again, Pashtun leader Ali Wazir faces hurdles in his pursuit of justice. Wazir, who was scheduled to appear in court on Wednesday, failed to attend his hearing, with authorities citing the excuse that the prison vehicle transporting him had broken down. This excuse is the latest in a long line of delays and interruptions in the legal proceedings against Wazir, a prominent Pashtun rights activist and member of the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM).

Despite the continued efforts to disrupt his legal battles, the court acquitted Wazir in the first case, while the hearing for the second case was rescheduled for January 24. However, this ongoing game of legal cat-and-mouse is more than just an isolated incident. It is indicative of the systemic effort by the Paki establishment to suppress Pashtun voices and the broader Pashtun nationalist struggle.

Over the years, Pashtun activists have faced immense challenges in securing justice, with the Punjabi Pak Army using arbitrary arrests, fabricated charges, and delays in the judicial process as tools to silence dissent. This is part of a broader pattern of Army repression aimed at curbing the Pashtun rights movement, which has long sought justice for extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and other human rights abuses committed by the military in the region.

The delays in Wazir’s case and the unjust tactics used against him are emblematic of the Pak Army’s broader strategy to maintain its stranglehold over Pashtun areas, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where the military has historically used violence and intimidation to suppress any form of resistance.

Pak Army arrests eight Baloch youth in Malir for holding rally on Baloch genocide memorial day

In an ongoing repression, eight individuals were arrested in Malir Sharafi Goth following a peaceful rally to raise awareness for Baloch Genocide Memorial Day. This marks another escalation in the Pakistan Army’s relentless efforts to suppress dissent, particularly voices calling attention to the Baloch genocide and the atrocities committed by the Paki establishment.

The arrested individuals, including two minors, Mujib son of Aslam and Imran son of Mola Bakhsh, were among the local protesters detained by police three hours after the rally. The ages of the detainees, both under 18, highlight the extent to which the Pakistan Army and its police forces target even the youngest members of the Baloch community for simply exercising their right to protest. Sammi Deen Baloch, leader of the Baloch Yakjehti Committee, condemned the arrests, stating that these actions were part of a systematic campaign to silence the Baloch struggle for justice and self-determination.

In an alarming development, an FIR was filed against Sammi Deen, Amina Baloch, Fouzia Baloch, and 16 others, including the detained protesters, under false and baseless charges. The registration of the FIR points to a troubling pattern where Pak authorities weaponize the legal system to target activists and silence any movement that dares to criticize the establishment’s actions in Pak-occupied-Balochistan.

The arrested individuals are just the latest victims of the Pakistan Army’s iron-fisted tactics, which have long sought to crush any form of Baloch resistance. Sami Deen further pointed out that those arrested in Lyari during a January 18 protest, including prominent Baloch Yakjehti Committee organizer Lala Wahab Baloch, elderly citizens, and youth, remain in police custody.

These actions are part of a wider pattern of suppression by the Pak military in POB, where enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and the brutalization of dissenting voices have been ongoing since the forceful occupation of the region in 1948. The arrest of peaceful protesters in Malir is a direct reflection of the military’s ongoing disregard for the basic human rights of the Baloch people, who have been subjected to violence and oppression for decades.

Trump issues sweeping executive orders on first day as 47th president of America

On his first day as the 47th President of the United States, Donald Trump wasted no time in asserting his authority, signing a slew of executive orders aimed at undoing many of the policies implemented by his predecessor, Joe Biden.

After taking the oath of office and delivering a stirring inaugural address, Trump signed his first executive order at Washington’s Capitol One Arena, mandating that all federal workers return to the office full-time. The new president quickly followed up by signing as many as 80 executive orders, marking a stark departure from Biden’s administration, with significant policy shifts that include withdrawing the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement and the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as implementing a temporary freeze on new federal regulations.

Key Orders Signed by President Trump:

  1. Crackdown on Birthright Citizenship and Immigration
    One of the most controversial orders issued by Trump on his first day in office was a crackdown on birthright citizenship for children born to illegal aliens in the U.S., a move that runs contrary to the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The president also announced plans to enhance vetting and screening procedures for illegal immigrants. Trump stated, “The federal government will not recognize automatic birthright citizenship for children of illegal aliens born in the United States.”
  2. Withdrawal from Paris Agreement and WHO
    In a move that mirrored his actions during his first term, President Trump signed orders to declare a national energy emergency and withdraw the U.S. from the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. Additionally, Trump ordered a halt to Biden’s efforts to protect Arctic lands and U.S. coastal waters from oil drilling, while promoting oil and gas development in Alaska. Trump also pulled the U.S. out of the WHO, citing the agency’s mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic and alleged political influence from member states, particularly China.
  3. Delay on TikTok Ban
    Trump signed an executive order delaying the planned ban on the popular short-video app TikTok by 75 days, extending the deadline for review until April 2025. The ban had been scheduled for January 19, 2025. The order grants Trump the authority to either sell the app or close it, while the U.S. attorney general has been instructed not to enforce the ban during this period.
  4. Pardons for January 6 Rioters
    Sticking to one of his campaign promises, Trump signed an order dropping all charges against most of those involved in the January 6 Capitol riots. He expressed outrage over the treatment of those individuals, calling it “outrageous” and cutting short sentences for 14 members of far-right groups, including the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers, some of whom had been convicted of seditious conspiracy.
  5. Return to Office for Federal Workers and Freeze on Government Hiring
    In a move to reshape the federal workforce, Trump ordered all federal workers to return to the office immediately and imposed a freeze on hiring for all government agencies. “I will implement an immediate regulation freeze, which will stop Biden bureaucrats from continuing to regulate,” Trump declared. He also emphasized that only competent individuals, “faithful to the American public,” would be hired moving forward.
  6. Recognition of Only Two Genders
    In a bold executive order, Trump declared that the U.S. government would only recognize two genders – male and female – and that all government-issued identification documents, including passports and visas, would reflect an individual’s biological sex, as opposed to their gender identity. This order effectively reversed several of Biden’s policies promoting racial equity and protections for LGBTQ+ individuals.
  7. Creation of DOGE Advisory Group Led by Elon Musk
    Trump also signed an order establishing the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), an advisory group aimed at cutting back on the size of the U.S. government. Tesla CEO Elon Musk, who leads the group, has been tasked with eliminating entire federal agencies and cutting three-quarters of federal government jobs, a move that has already sparked multiple lawsuits challenging the new department’s operations.

Trump’s first day in office marked a decisive shift in U.S. policy, with the president taking swift action to implement his vision for the country.

Manzoor Pashteen slams Pak Army for failing Pashtuns & spreading instability

Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) leader, Manzoor Pashteen, has once again condemned the Punjabi Pakistan Army for its failure to protect Pashtun communities, accusing it of perpetuating violence and destabilizing the region. Speaking out about the dire situation in several tribal areas, Pashteen emphasized the lack of accountability and effective governance, particularly by the occupying government in Pakhtunkhwa.

Reflecting on the historic October 11 Jirga, Pashteen expressed optimism about its potential impact on the Pashtun struggle. However, he warned that the Jirga’s decisions could only bring real change if Pashtun political parties united to implement them. “We appeal to all Pashtun parties to follow the decisions of the Jirga and work together to solve the issues facing our people,” Pashteen said.

While he acknowledged the difficulties ahead, Pashteen reassured his followers that PTM was not silenced, nor was it backing down from its mission. “We are preparing ourselves for the next phase of struggle,” he said, highlighting the pressing need for resistance in the face of increasing oppression.

Addressing the critical situation in Pashtun-majority areas, particularly Bajaur, Swat, Waziristan, Bannu, and Kurram, Pashteen made it clear that the Paki establishment’s neglect and inability to address the growing violence were unacceptable. “The provincial government of Pakhtunkhwa is a government in name only,” he said. “Armed groups roam freely, and when violence erupts, it is the ordinary people who are pressured, not those responsible for the bloodshed.”

Pashteen Warns

Particularly harrowing was Pashteen’s description of the conditions in Kurram, where he highlighted the dire humanitarian crisis. “People in Kurram have no food to eat, but the establishment is indifferent. While civilians suffer, both fighting sides continue to receive ample supplies of weapons and ammunition to fuel their conflict,” he said.

Pashteen also turned his focus to the Pakistan Army’s brutal tactics, criticizing its actions in Waziristan and beyond. “The Army does not even leave the people of Waziristan alone across the Durand Line. While militants operate near Army bases, the Army bombs children in Khost,” he said, pointing to the Army’s destabilizing role in Afghanistan. “Pakistan continues to foster extremist groups to destabilize Afghanistan while neglecting the needs of its own people.”

In addition to these grave concerns, Pashteen condemned the use of drones by the Pak Army, which he claimed are being used for training purposes on civilians in Waziristan. “Drone attacks and target killings are now a regular feature of life in Waziristan. Areas like Mir Ali have become training grounds for Pakistan’s drone operations,” Pashteen said, underscoring the civilian toll these attacks have taken.

He also warned that the Army’s recent attempts to seize control of newly discovered mineral-rich areas in Malakand and other regions were causing further strife. “The Army has created problems to occupy the mines, and if they attempt to conduct operations in our areas, we will not allow ourselves to be displaced again,” he asserted, adding that PTM was planning a response in case of further forced displacements. “If they force us to leave again, we will march to Islamabad with millions of people to demand justice.”

Dominance of firepower in conflicts: Lessons from Kargil & beyond

Part I – Predominance of Firepower in Combined Arms Operations

“Pakistan Perspective: Role of Firepower specially Artillery during Kargil War – The artillery created the most disproportionate adverse impact on Pakistan positions, troops and logistics sustenance, for which artillery equipment specially the Bofors gun was pulled in from other formations, not involved in the limited scale of war being waged in Kargil. A fairly large no of guns was deployed in ‘direct firing’ role. Artillery, not only pounded the objectives being assaulted/attacked but contingency positions, Observer Posts, logistic nodes, and communication hubs. Sustenance of Pakistani forward troops became an existential challenge. It emboldened the brave Indian infantry soldier to close in and fight.

As per Zehra and her interactions with troops who were deployed, the ‘Gunners fire assaults’ became the principle battle-winning factor. Approximately 5000 arty shells and mortar bombs and rockets were fired daily from 300 guns, mortars and MBRLs, while 9000 shells were fired on the day Tiger Hill was recaptured by Indian troops. The guns were massed ranging from 100 to 120 guns for every attack. The fire was so accurate that Indian troops could move up to 40 metres short of the target with every artillery gun hitting the target. Guns in direct firing role had a devastating effect specially the Bofors, even on bunkers. Pakistani troops learnt to dread enemy artillery especially direct fire.

Physically and emotionally battered with no sleep or rest, isolated with minimal own fire support, the Pakistan troops incurred maximum casualties due to artillery fire. This impact was further buttressed with innovative use of IAF air strikes, which created a tremendous morale shattering impact on Pakistani troops, especially when their own air support was non-existent. The intensity of firepower devastated both men and mountains.”

​- Paraphrased from Nasim Zehra’ book (2018), ‘From Kargil to the Coup, Events that shook Pakistan’ and other Pakistan publications

Geo-Political and Security Overview dictates necessity of conducting Multi-Domain Operations (MDO).​ The global order which brought stability since World War II is changing, bringing geo-political and security turbulence. Currently as per Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights there are 110 conflicts/ confrontations ongoing globally! The most visible are the Ukraine and Gaza conflicts and confrontation in the China Seas. The nuclear balance which was being managed by international protocols between USA and Russia have been discarded.China is on a nuclear expansion and modernisation surge, leading to a race amongst NWS (nuclear weapon states), with ominous portents of the exclusive club expanding. Increased nuclear signalling by some nations (Russia, North Korea), promises to bring Armageddon closer to reality. Incidents and brinkmanship manoeuvres in conflict zones by adversaries and their allies: the ‘Western block led by USA’, emerging Russia-China-North Korea-Iran nexus; and regional players with own national agendas, exacerbate the delicate balance, as there are no incident resolution controls in place.

India needs to manoeuvre deftly, and keep its powder dry. ​Amidst this turbulence, the increasing China-Pakistan strategic and military collaboration (no longer just a collusion), unresolved boundaries, historical distrust and enmity, fragile regional relationships, and sympathetic instability further exacerbated by the global environment, makes the South Asia plus China region even more vulnerable/unstable. 

Given her regional power status, India must avoid any geo-political or military embarrassment or setback. India not only needs to keep her powder dry, but continuously upgrade and build her technological and multi-domain (both kinetic and cognitive especially military) capability and capacity to combat the ongoing 24X7 confrontations and probable conflicts. We are aware that while the situation along our borders with China and Pakistan are under control, it is unstable and dynamic. It just needs a spark, a miscalculation or misadventure to ignite.

We must remember that most wars have started despite all antagonists not wanting one. The ongoing wars/confrontations especially Azerbaijan-Armenia, Ukraine, Gaza, China Seas have provided India enough insights to plan, acquire, train, mobilise and prepare, and also wage multi-domain operations 24X7 (mainly non-kinetic in sphere of geo-political, economic, diplomatic, informational, legal) just as China, Pakistan and others are waging on us.  When the situation shows trends of turning ugly, credible hard power comes into play; the pivotal role of Firepower (close combat and deep fires) acts both as a deterrent and destroyer.

Firepower: an instrument of ‘Conventional Deterrence’.​ Current wars have placed firepower in the strategic realm, and artillery has turned into an instrument of ‘conventional deterrence’ made possible by increased ranges, warhead lethality and precision of conventional firepower (equally applicable against China and Pakistan). Conventional deterrence can focus on counterforce targets with option of engaging minimal counter value objectives, without retaliatory consequences of nuclear exchange. Most importantly it can be delivered at a standoff through multiple modes. Conventional deterrence is far more flexible in application. This article’s focus is on artillery (combat support and deep fires employing rockets and missiles) and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Also read Lt Gen PR Shankar’s articles on ‘Artillery and Firepower Series’ in ‘gunnershot.com’.

Firepower and Manoeuvre.​ Firepower and manoeuvre are complementary and optimise and buttress the other. Manoeuvre needs space which could be restricted like urban areas and mountains, making firepower essential. MDO, technological breakthroughs and RMA has changed the ways wars are fought. The world over, military doctrines, force structures and weapon systems are under constant review. The current environment focusses on precise standoff strikes in a network-centric arena. Firepower presently is undertaken from land, sea, air and sub-surface. 

Artificial intelligence (AI)/automated weapon systems, UAS, military use of space are fast emerging firepower domains. Firepower entails the process of gathering intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), target acquisition, degradation followed by post-strike damage assessment (PSDA) and destruction. Victory in any future conflict in the 21st century will be generated through the asymmetries of firepower. An important function of firepower assets is counter bombardment.

Global scramble for Firepower Assets and Munitions.​Globally, nations at war and allies are scrambling to modernise, upscale production, and upgrade their firepower assets and munitions (especially smart) to gain an operational or decisive upper hand. The urgent and all-important acquisitions in firepower are artillery guns, rockets and munitions, and means for real time ISR (intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance); both armed and unarmed UAS (unarmed aerial systems) and air defence (AD) systems. The traditional air power means (fighters and attack helicopters) are vulnerable in today’s battlefield and less effective.

Artillery and UAS have become ubiquitous in any conflict zone. The Azerbaijan-Armenia and Ukraine wars have demonstrated that the nation with more guns and munitions, rockets and missiles and combat UAS; and real-time ISR capability will dominate the battlefield. Ukraine has matched Russia and defended herself for so long in the war, purely because of ‘firepower’ which has been substantially and constantly boosted by NATO. The recent bonhomie and visit of President Putin to North Korea is all about defence cooperation, with North Korea supplying critically needed one million artillery shells.

In the Russia-Ukraine war, artillery fire accounts for about 80 percent of the casualties on both sides. Following the US aid cut-off, Ukraine went from being outgunned five to one in artillery fire to ten to one. The resumption of US aid should reduce but not eliminate Ukraine’s disadvantage. According to NATO intelligence estimates, Russia is on track to produce nearly three times as many artillery shells this year, about 3 million, as the United States and Europe combined (about 1.2 million). At the Indo-Pacific Army Chiefs’ Conclave (IPACC) hosted by India and the US in New Delhi on 26-27 Sep 2023, US Army Chief General George spoke of many strategic and operational lessons and takeaways from recent wars specially Ukraine. He spoke of four focus areas; warfighting, delivering ready combat formations, transformations and strengthening our profession of arms specially between leaders and men, and warrior ethos. In the operational arena he emphasised on two aspects, “signature management and dominance of firepower with focus on long range fires”.

UAS is now Integral to Combined Arms Warfare and enhances Firepower 

UAS and Drones.​ The terms are used interchangeably; are also called UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) or pilotless aircraft. A drone/UAV is simply the aircraft or drone itself, while a UAS includes the entire system that supports and controls the drone; encompasses ground control stations, data links, and any other components like weapons, radars, jammers, cameras, communication equipment, required for the mission.

UAS provides Global Reach and Multi-Mission Capabilities.​ Emergence of a multi-polar world brings with it the need to monitor multi-domain activities and threats regionally (a reality for India today), and globally for the big two (USA and China; already happening). This involves covering large continental and maritime geographical spaces as also air and space (entire borders and IOR in case of India). There will be ever increasing requirement to possess platforms and systems capable of collecting and processing intelligence, striking targets if necessary, and operating in a contested environment. 

Conclusion.​​ Artillery and UAS are now ubiquitous in combined arms operations. Strategically, firepower provides conventional deterrence, and are force multipliers for defensive and offensive operations. In Part II, we shall see how artillery and UAS have been integrated in ongoing wars. Since our adversaries would be analysing ongoing wars very closely (specially China which has the means), thoughts on how India and her armed forces must stay ahead of the warfighting loop, especially in the domain of firepower have been presented.