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Will US retain its superpower status in the post-COVID world?

Current Geo-Political Landscape
We live in troubled COVID times which has accelerated the change in the international geo-political landscape. USA, the lone superpower, for over two decades has realized that global leadership or hegemony is not a right, and even if it was, USA by its actions is shedding that mantle. Number of papers/articles/media discussions have emerged regarding the future status of USA. The world and ironically the Americans are analysing, watching and reading the geo-political and geo-strategic signals and relative comprehensive national power (CNP) indices of nations specially of USA and China intently, to catch the emerging trends accurately.

Currently the number of doomsayers predicting a permanent gradual/ sudden degrading of US status and power projection capabilities outnumber the hopefuls who predict that like numerous times before, USA will bounce back and retain its numero uno status. A multi-polar world in a multi-domain security environment is crystallising post COVID. In its National Security Strategy paper (2017), US has acknowledged the emergence of China as a peer competitor along with Russia as her main adversary. Nations including USA are busy maneuvering strategically through a world of ‘persistent engagement’, conducting 24X7 multi-domain cooperation, competition, confrontation and even conflict if national interests dictate so.

The Multi-Domain Environment
The multi-domain environment includes PDIME (political, diplomatic, informational, military and economic) and other kinetic and non-kinetic domains. Confrontation/conflicts have enlarged in time, geography, space and domains from the traditional land, air and sea to include cyber, space, information and media (information influence operations (IIO), PSYOPS (psychological operations), niche technology (artificial intelligence, nano, hyper velocity systems, robotics), network centricity, and domination of electromagnetic spectrum. These game changers have drastically changed the very concept of deterrence and compellence as even smaller, poorer nations/groups/corporates can use combination of domains specially the non-cognitive/non-kinetic.

Illiberal/autocratic/dictatorial nations and groups like Iran, North Korea, Pakistan, Venezuela, Syria, al-Qaida, IS (Islamic State), Taliban are thumbing their noses at USA, international institutions and opinion, and discovering the ability to act below red lines of conventional conflict to achieve their objectives. China and Russia have mastered this art. Today, the United States finds itself not apart or atop but amid the world both shaping and being shaped by global events and forces. This article provides an overview post/ongoing COVID of US power and influence; a declining power whose economy, power projection capabilities and influence are waning; or born-again resurgent USA which will manage to tide over challenges specially China and remain dominant in global affairs; or become ‘first amongst equals’ in a multi-polar world.

The Trump Phenomenon
Most of Washington’s allies (with a few notable exceptions, like Israel and Saudi Arabia) are of the “Anybody but Trump” inclination[i]. Restoring a constructive US role in the world will require much more than replacing Trump. In a lighter vein after witnessing the first presidential debate between Trump and Biden, hits on how to migrate to Canada hit an all-time high in the USA, while the rest of the world watched aghast. President Trump’s ‘America First’, zero-sum transactional policies, pulling out of numerous multi-lateral agreements/treaties (like climate change, trans-Pacific partnership, Iran nuclear deal, WHO), resorting to bilateral deals, annoying long-standing allies, indiscriminate use of sanctions and levying of taxes on goods, is losing USA friends, credibility and its hard-won global acceptance at an alarming pace. The irony of most of the actions not having met their proposed goals/compliance, is not lost on the domestic and international audience.

Indicators of a Declining Power

Historical Precept. Countries decay only in retrospect[ii]. Historically, powerful states suffer from the “comfort zone cult,”, the tendency to believe that ‘reason will prevail’ and that ‘everything will be all right’ being seductive. When a crisis erupts, it is likely to be unexpected, confusing, and catastrophic, with the causes so seemingly trivial, the consequences so easily reparable if political leaders would only do the right thing that no one can quite believe it has come to this. USA, a country which enjoys untrammeled power for decades, has little incentive to look inward at what was wrong at the core. Therefore the US has no wish to change its ways either of its own free will or, still less, by making concessions to anyone or anything. A political system at some point triggers one of two reactions; a devastating backlash from those most threatened, or a realisation by the change makers that their goals can no longer be realized within the institutions and ideologies of the present order?

Geo-Political Indicators
The US share of global GDP has been declining steadily from 51 percent in 1951, 25 percent in 1999 to around 15 percent now. China today has surpassed annual US aid disbursals. Bewildering surrender of the USA to COVID-19 without fighting, both internally and externally is a significant indicator of its current stomach for moral, material and crisis global leadership; leading to uncoordinated international response to the pandemic; resulting in economic downturns, resurgence of nationalist politics, hardening of state borders; accelerating the emergence of a less cooperative and more fragile international system.

Chinese economy is becoming “a very serious rival” and globalisation has dispersed economic power widely around the globe. China’s multi-trillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which is an economic and power projection/influencing pathway is proof of China’s growing clout. US no longer sets the agenda or calls the tune in the Middle East (Russia, Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia do).

US President Donald Trump.
US President Donald Trump.

Three developments led to a unipolar world; first, after the defeat of communism (China can no longer be defined as one), the US faced no major global ideological rival; second, it also brought about collapse of accompanying infrastructure of institutions and partnerships, and smaller/developing/ illiberal states lacked significant alternatives, when it came to securing military, economic, and political support; and third, democratic liberal order was the flavor of the season and got increasingly bolstered[iii]. Changed geo-political environment signals the decline of US global leadership, and regional powers are seeking domination of their strategic space, and many feel the decline is not cyclical but permanent.

The Multi-Polar Emergence led by Russia and China[iv]   
Nations have options to seek alternative patrons, ideologies and rival narratives which often appeal to weaker states/autocratic leaders/illiberal regimes, rather than remain dependent on US and Western largesse and support. New regional organizations (BRICS, for instance) and illiberal transnational networks contest US influence. Decisive shifts in the global economy, the rise of Indo-Pacific, Asia particularly China, have transformed the geo-economic landscape.

China and Russia now directly contest the international order from within that orders institutions and forums; at the same time, they are building an alternative order through new institutions and venues in which they wield greater influence (lesser focus on human rights and civil liberties). At the United Nations as permanent members of UNSC, they have coordinated their opposition to criticise Western interventions and calls for regime change; they have vetoed Western-sponsored proposals on Syria, Venezuela and Yemen. In the last 15 years both voted the same way, 86 percent of the time, unlike 21 percent with US.

Creation of Security Organisations sans USA and her Allies
China and Russia have pushed a plethora of new regional security organizations[v], including the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CISA), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and economic institutions like Asian Infrastructure Investment and New Development Bank (AIIB). These emerging structures of global governance compete with older, more liberal structures. Apart from BRI, China and Russia are entering areas traditionally dominated by the United States and its allies; China convenes the 17+1 group of central and eastern Europe states, and the China-CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) Forum.

Against a common adversary USA, Russia and China have successfully managed their alliance of convenience, defying predictions that they would be unable to tolerate each other’s international projects. In CAR (Central Asia Republics), which Russia considers its backyard, Kremlin’s rhetoric has shifted from talking about a clearly demarcated Russian “sphere of influence”, to embracing a “Greater Eurasia” in which Chinese-led investment and integration dovetails with Russian efforts to shut out Western influence.

China is not USSR; Integrated into Global System
China is a peer competitor that is more formidable economically, sophisticated diplomatically, and more flexible ideologically than the Soviet Union ever was. And unlike the Soviet Union, China is deeply integrated into the world economy, especially the US. Strategy of containment worked on an economically weak USSR. Beijing has been better at converting its country’s economic heft into strategic influence. China has embraced globalization to become the top trading partner for more than two-thirds of the world’s nations. Ironically, China is central to the prosperity of American allies and partners!

Imran Khan (left), Prime Minister Pakistan with Xi Jinping (right), President China. (Photo: AP)

The Optimists Version: Comeback Nation[vi]

Stating the obvious first, the US has by far the most powerful, technologically advanced military in the world with the most effective power projection capabilities. The US has always faced the cyclical churn of the global economy resolutely and come back stronger. The global currency is the US Dollar. Close to 90 percent of global financial transactions conducted through banks use the dollar, even if the deal does not involve an American party. By 2019, the United States accounted for 56 percent of global stock market capitalization, up from 42 percent in 2010. Even now US soft power coupled with its other facets of comprehensive national power, makes it the most powerful nation.

China’s Economy in Dire Straits
China’s debt now amounts to nearly 270 percent of GDP, zombies account for ten percent of corporate debt in China, making it highly vulnerable to a global financial crisis. The most important driver of any economy is the working-age population, which is shrinking, and historically, countries with a shrinking workforce have had virtually no chance of sustaining rapid economic growth for even one decade. Chinese economy has been fueled by a credit bubble of epic proportions and as per IMF is unprecedented and unsustainable. China’s growth story is based on exports, which is already badly hit due reasons of global slowdown and negative COVID reactions internationally, leading to further stagnation.

Whither US Hegemony

New World Order 
Having seen both sides of the coin, it would be fair to say that US has lost its superpower status, but still remains the most powerful global power for some time to come, depending on its geo-political-economic-strategic-security related policies and actions. For the US political and economic model to retain considerable appeal, she has to first get its own house in order. China will face its own obstacles in producing an alternative system; she has irked partners and clients with its pressure tactics and its opaque and often corrupt deals; she has many trading partners but few allies. The US influence has never been premised on power alone, but also depends on an ability to offer others a set of ideas and institutional frameworks for mutual gain[vii]. Even at the peak of the unipolar moment, Washington did not always get its way. As long as the core of the US system, remains robust, and the US, EU (and allies like Japan, South Korea, Australia, India) can leverage their combined economic and military might to their advantage, US will remain the major player in international geo-politics, strategy and security affairs. Undoubtedly, she will have to get used to an increasingly contested and complex international order.

To sum up, US currently leads the strongest military and economic coalition in a world of multiple centers of power. Adapting to the new world order[viii] with smart statecraft will allow USA to navigate a world defined by competing interests and shifting alliances. 

US-China Strategic Play
There are no easy answers; the moderates preach coexistence on terms favorable to US interests and values involving elements of competition, cooperation and occasional confrontation, geared toward securing those favorable terms; the hawks naturally want a robust confrontationist approach because they believe that coexistence is not feasible in this ‘real-politik’ world. Given historical precedence of China/CCP story, her phenomenal economic growth coupled with a modern multi-domain military, and ever-increasing diplomatic, political and influencing heft, China is unlikely to accept coexistence and will challenge the US for domination initially of Asia and subsequently the world. A cold war or increasing animosity between USA and China is very worrying indeed.

Unlike with USSR/Russia where CBMs and Crisis Management Protocols (hotlines, codes of conduct, arms control agreement) exist(ed) to avert a crisis/disaster the United States and China lack similar instruments to manage crises at a time when new domains of potential conflict, such as space and cyber­space, have increased the risk of escalation. As China’s presence around the world grows, the US should avoid demonising China as it is doing now, and avoid the tendency to see nations only in terms of their relationship to China. The United States lacks both the will and the resources to consistently outbid China and other emerging powers for the allegiance of governments. Most nations will prefer to maintain a stable, win-win relationship with both. Many leaders, nations, world institutions are watching with apprehension and alarm the high probability of the dawn of a new ‘cold war turning HOT’ due to increasing militarization, brinkmanship in all domains between USA and China specially in the China Seas (South and East) and Taiwan, with Trump appearing determined to escalate and force a showdown, thanks to upcoming elections. Biden, the Democratic challenger cannot afford to be seen as weak either (bipartisan anger against China is the flavor of the season in USA), and even a change of leadership may at most see some moderation, but unlikely to see a major change of stance.

Chinese Perception of USA-India Relations and India’s Dilemma[ix]          Nothing is simple in geo-politics-strategy, and China naturally views India’s relations with US, more from the US perspective. Some view US-India relations as an attempt by US to contain China’s rise, and moderates see some of the contradictions in the relationship as inhibiting long-term strategic cooperation. Ironically, this is exactly India’s dilemma including President Trump’s vacillating foreign policy moves, and uncertainty post Trump (though there appears to be bi-partisan support for India given current environment). The festering border dispute between China and India is cited as a source of resentment that makes India an ideal partner for the US containment strategy. Most watchers see US-India ties through the security and containment prism and are powerful voices.

Recent Border Tensions along LAC
China is aware that India values her ‘strategic autonomy’, will act in national interest and make independent policies and decisions. China does not view US as neutral in the dispute and Trump’s offer to mediate has been rejected by China. China is also aware of India joining the US camp if driven too hard, apart from the dawning realisation that India is no longer a soft state and will stand resolutely and be prepared to fight when its sovereignty and national interests are threatened. Fact is, many in China till now, did not view India as a challenge to its security interests, but coupled with USA, they see India as a potential geo-strategic concern/threat. India must prepare to meet future geo-political challenges by continuously increasing its CNP (internal, external and soft power), and retain its strategic autonomy.

Conclusion
The US Unipolar Moment has passed, and it isn’t Coming Back. USA will continue to remain the ‘first amongst equals’ for quite some to come. She has realized that she needs to integrate better into the geo-political environment. The struggle between the US and China is ultimately over which country offers a better road to progress. Chinese President Xi Jinping’s China dream (including BRI) is to define an alternative path, a model of capitalism without liberalism and democracy. The jury is out on which ideology will win. India must chart its own path, exploit the geo-political environment and possesses all the characteristics of becoming ‘The Balancing Power’ of the World.


[i] ‘The US is not Entitled to Lead the World’ by James Goldgeier and Bruce W. Jentleson, Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct 2020 issue

[ii] ‘How a Great Power Falls Apart: Decline Is Invisible From the Inside’, By Charles King; Foreign Affairs, June 30, 2020

[iii] ‘Competition Without Catastrophe: How America Can Both Challenge and Coexist with China’ by Kurt M. Campbell and Jake Sullivan, Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct 2019)

[iv] Innumerable publications, internationally and regionally publish Articles/podcasts on US status as a superpower and its future. Perused Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Brittanica and numerous magazines (including digital) focused on geo-politics, strategy and security.

[v] ‘The decline of US global leadership: Power without authority’ by Allen Behm, in The Interpreter published daily by the Lowy Institute on 07 Oct 2019

[vi] Consulted from article ‘Is America still the world’s only superpower or is China a real rival? Experts aren’t so sure anymore’ by Christina Zhou, posted 23 Jun 20

[vii] ‘The Next Liberal Order: The Age of Contagion Demands More Internationalism, Not Less’ By G John. Ikenberry, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2020

[viii] ‘Competition Without Catastrophe: How America Can Both Challenge and Coexist With China’ By Kurt M. Campbell and Jake Sullivan, Sep/Oct 2019

[ix]China’s Ongoing Debates about India and the US’ by Dr Christopher K. Colley in Asia Dispatches Blog Post, 30 Jun 20

Globalism as Individualistic Tribalism: or, Infrastructures, Megastructures, and Superstructures as the Magisterium of Autonymity

Christian is a Philosopher that comes from Belgium. What identifies him the most and above all is simplicity, for everything is better with “vanilla flavour.” Perhaps, for this reason, his intellectual passion is criticism and irony, in the sense of trying to reveal what “hides behind the mask,” and give birth to the true. For him, ignorance and knowledge never “cross paths.” What he likes the most in his leisure time, is to go for a walk with his wife.

Scott Douglas Jacobsen: So, I am having a job interview for a staff position for a Model United Nations conference, which has me thinking about some of the events after WWII as a reaction to WWII. The United Nations in its main “organs” or UN Organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. It’s a huge, bureaucratic juggernaut. That’s undeniable. Potentially, it’s the most bureaucratic organization in the history of the world alongside global phenomena such as the Vatican as a center of the humongous Roman Catholic Church and its laity and hierarchs. These are gigantic bodies of semi-functional operations. They can do good by achieving some of the stated ideals and aims, whether on purpose or by accident; also, they can do bad, whether in negligence or in incompetently carrying out particular tasks. The simulations environment is exciting as a delegate, as a staff member. Very, very few students within a particular cohort attend the major MUNs. Most of the students are in international relations, political science, or business. I am in none of those. Yet, the experiences, by accident, have been invaluable. Let’s start on the neutral, then bad, and finish off with a happy ending, the United Nations, the Catholic Church, various international civil society organizations, international nongovernmental organizations, and so on, what is some stuff operated on by them, conducted by them, maintained by them, amounting to a net neutral outcome at once or over periodicities?

Dr. Christian Sorensen: I think that both, the United Nations and the Vatican, or the non-governmental organizations, to name the main ones, are what I will denominate infrastructures determining a superstructure, that is to say, respectively, they are material bases, constituted by organizational skeletons, which conform various categories of resources, communicational flows and outputs in order to configure ideational systems of beliefs and values, ​​that are in turn, subject to history. In other words, I think that there have been factual phenomena, and therefore material historical circumstances, that have led as a way of responding to the needs that have been arising from unedited global issues, to the emergence of such mega structures, and simultaneously have developed ideational satellite systems, which although they give a sense of particular identity to their infrastructure, at the same time they turn around subsidariately to it, as a sort of base. Consequently in my opinion, the aforementioned is a dialectical process, that I will denominate historical materialism of the fittest, therefore, globalized destinies, are going to be to unfolded through the tension that derives from the permanent opposition of contrary elements, which although can change places among them, they cannot nevertheless modify their meaning or purpose.

Jacobsen: What are some negative outcomes at once or over periodicities?

Sorensen: I think that since it’s the material structure that determines the ideal superstructure, and not the opposite, it is possible to understand the reason why there is a sort of dissociation between the guiding principles as ideals, which would represent the ought to be, and the policies as outcomes or outputs, that are in turn, the material basal structure, in terms of underlying needs, that determine the previous two. In this way, it’s found for instance, that organizations such as the United Nations, which should be governed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the principles of the Geneva Convention, in practice proceed, almost exclusively according to contingential political quotas that lack of any major foundations, therefore the last, actually reflects more the affinity they have towards certain ethnic castes, to the detriment of others, which also represent minorities, than equal and equitable treatments, for all those who have been victims of threats and violations of their fundamental rights. In this manner, probably what happens with the Vatican, due to the fact of facing a downcast and agonizing Roman Catholic Church, is that they desperately utilize populist policies and rhetorical arguments, for intending through them and by the damping of manipulative communication strategies, to re-enchant the consciences of the secular world, that exhibits among other aspects, the facade of a renewed, empathetic and tolerant church, that evidently seems more in line with the times, but that’s far from reality, since they forget the other side of the coin by doing so, because simultaneously and deep down, they’re not aware, that behind the sensationalist language of seduction, they do nothing more than to hide the hierarchical conflicts within their walls, and for this reason, act as if they were denying the tradition of their own ecclesiastical magisterium, and in consequence, as if they were occulting the dirt under the rug. In any case, globalized organs such as those mentioned above, or with even more diverse purposes like the World Health Organization, regardless of their nature, in my opinion, practically apply in fullness, the rule through which, acts must be followed always by means that justify their ends, to the extent that generally, the unmoved motor, is represented through the underlying of primary needs, which although they may not be explicitly expressed, they are more intrinsically related to the multiple forms of ambitions and the pursuits of power, than with the achievement of the commonwealth, therefore they are synthesizable, in common entities, which lastly consist in the expression of the desire for oneself.

Jacobsen: What are the positives coming from them?

Sorensen: I think it is necessary to apply a criterion of differentiation, between the Vatican and all the remaining globalized organs, since if the aims of the last are supposedly supernatural, and its mission is purely spiritual, because they seek through proselytism, the salvation of every soul, then it is soapy and complex, to evaluate their positive aspects, due to the fact that both, their goals and mission, are in an ethereal and intangible plane, where in addition, it would be necessary to weigh subjectively the relative importance of these, since the spiritual has different connotation values for each one, and the approach to this as an extra empirical dimension, can be done from different vanishing points perspectives. The remaining phenomena, on the other hand, pursue goals and have missions, that although they can be nuanced, they nevertheless have mainly the same identity and nature, because they respectively promote the well-being of man, in relation to the satisfaction of needs which even if they transcend the merely material, and reach the spiritual realm, they are operationally defined, and duly empirically quantifiable as assumptions. Likewise, systematically speaking, the fact that such organizations, have a globalized and synergistic presence, allows them theoretically, to manage adequate communication mechanisms of feedback, and therefore of control as well, in order to introduce changes and variations, that are needed for achieving better states of equilibrium and homeostasis, depending on objectives, since in this manner they can actually improve substantially the general state of affairs, and reach a new global order, more focused on what I will denominate the desire for the other.

Jacobsen: As a Belgian-Israeli, what are the nonsensical conspiracy theories you’ve heard or read about the Belgians if on a global level?

Sorensen: Belgium, because it’s a country that geographically is located in the middle of Western Europe, which additionally represents a passageway between countries that doesn’t give to it almost any identity as a nation, and politically speaking, due that throughout history, and especially during the Second World War, has always sought to maintain a position of neutrality, is that Belgium will be determined by these references, which in turn, are currently going to be reinforced by means of been the capital of the European Union, and because of having in my opinion, the most multicultural capital in the world. As a whole, the aforementioned are backgrounds, which incline Belgians, not to formulate conspiracy theories in terms of value judgments. I would say, that they search rather the opposite, and because of this, they demolish conceptions of such nature. In other words, what they do, is to seek formulas of political consensus and agreements, since according to them, these would be fundamental to preserve European cohesion and cooperation, and for gaining a global peace. In this sense, and in very simple terms, I think that Belgium, has an intrinsic devotion for eclecticism, and therefore for the integration of antithetical aspects of different matters or realities, in comsequence it could be said, that the Belgians, not only discredit conspiracy theories, but also give them little credibility as potential threats, due to the reason that are a priori from their point of view, networks of lies, which may restrict in some manner their freedoms.

Jacobsen: What are the nonsensical conspiracy theories you’ve heard or read about the Israelis if on a global level?

Sorensen: In my opinion unfortunately and unlike others, when talking about Israeli conspiracy theories, the factual weight of these is relevant, since I think that Israel represents for the world not only the Jewish state, but also what I’m going to name as the ghetto country, that is to say, and globally speaking, it is believed and wished that Jews should be confined within that land, just as they used to be secluded in other times, within stigmatized neighborhoods of prejudice and hatred, before the shoa. The aforementioned, which is my way of thinking, perhaps in different terms, is also thought by other Israelies and Jews in the diaspora. In other words, I consider that the same history of the past, especially of the recent one, is currently being rewritten day over day, because of some, that believe that due to the forty years in which the people of Israel wandered in the desert, that then they may presume and be firmly convinced, maybe not with words but with deeds, that Jews have no right to live anywhere, since what it’s read between the lines, is that as other rejected minorities, they do not belong to the world, like the rest of humanity does. The last, is enchained with two more conspirational link, which symbolize not only for me, the novel global anti-Semitism. The first of these, is related to the mask of anti-Zionism, as an excuse to boycott Israel, nevertheless what they seek, is to basically repress any sign of Judaism within the diaspora, and the second one, refers to the retrograde and fantastic theory, of the protocols of the wise men of Zion according to which, Jews aspire to control and seizure not only the world’s natural resources, but also communications, and the elites of global economic and political powers. In this regard, outstands the paradoxical fact, that when the history is rewinded, it’s possible to verify among other things, that most of the events which gave origin to these fears, rest in Europe and in the Christian values ​​of the Roman Catholic Church, which both before and after Pope Pius XII, have ironically done, nothing more than to manifest feelings of pain and grief, with intentions to do penance, due to the constant suffering of the people of Israel, which has always reached their hearts.

Jacobsen: Does every country of the world bear responsibility for making the world a better place? If so, why so? If not, why not?

Sorensen: I think that to bear responsibility for this, there is always somebody who should do so, and no country will ever be someone, since in themselves they’re collectives, that as such would be and not be, and no existing thing is capable of both simultaneously. In this sense, I consider that responsibility as well as forgiveness, are always individual, and therefore it is necessary that both start from each one of us, and not from an abstract construct, which as such, only exists in an ideal world, but not in a world like ours, where perfection does not exist.

Jacobsen: What countries are making the world worse, the most?

Sorensen: I think that all those countries, which have subjected their fellow citizens, to the yoke of totalitarianism, in any of its facets, and therefore, have deprived them of rights, as fundamental, as the freedom of choice and conscience, and secondarily have alienated them, to the point of dehumanizing their beings.

Jacobsen: What nations are making the world better, the most?

Sorensen: I think that all those democratic countries focused on freedom and tolerance, that see in the state a controlling entity which guarantees the commonwealth, and grant in turn a subsidiary role to it, at the same time, that they’re more centered on the social needs, than on the individual self-referential ones, and ultimately search the humanization of society, by promoting civic values ​​of cooperation and solidarity.

Jacobsen: Hey you! Cya around.

Sorensen: Until next time!

Photo by Davi Mendes on Unsplash

October 22, 1947: Black Day in Kashmir’s history

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The time span from October 22 to October 26, 1947 is remembered as the blackest chapter in the history of the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir that now stands re-designated as the Union Territory of Jammu Kashmir and the Union Territory of Ladakh. This period marks the illegal invasion of the state by Pakistan-sponsored mercenaries, who resorted to merciless and wanton destruction with the intention of annexing the territory into the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan. Succour came on October 27, 1947 when the Indian Army landed at Srinagar airport and heralded the beginning of Indo-Pakistan War of 1947-48. The evil mercenaries and their masters were pushed back over two long drawn campaigning seasons.

Post independence, the Dominion of India gave an option to the princely states to become an integral part of the Union of India with a Constitution based on pillars of democracy, freedom and equality. All princely states joined the Indian Union by signing the Instrument of Accession. Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir however sought time to decide since his state had a diverse demography and geography.

While the Dominion of India was quite content in providing this time to the Maharaja, the Dominion of Pakistan sought to impose itself on the state by the use of force. On October 22, Pakistan invaded Kashmir with mercenaries, mostly from the North West Frontier Provinces and popularly called Kabailies. This mercenary army was raised by directing every Pathan tribe to enlist at least on Lashkar (military contingent) and was provided arms, ammunition and equipment by the Pakistan Army. It was commanded by officers of the Pakistan Army under the overall command of Major General Akbar Khan.

As the mercenaries moved in from the Baramulla axis, the J&K state forces put up a valiant resistance with the Chief of Army Staff of the state forces, Brigadier Rajinder Singh in personal command. The state forces were able to impose crucial delay but were ultimately overwhelmed after the last man, last round resistance. Brigadier Rajinder Singh fell in the battle and was awarded the first Maha Vir Chakra in the Indian Army.

The horde of mercenaries indulged in large scale massacre, rape, loot and arson with impunity. They lay waste everything that came their way. In Baramulla, they surpassed all tenets of inhumanity with pillage that lasted for four days. Men and children were tortured and killed while the women were raped and carried back as sex slaves. Even the nuns of the convent were not spared; they were raped and killed ruthlessly.

The Kashmiri Pandit community was identified for special treatment involving the most depraved form of torture and cruelty possible. Whole families committed mass suicide in the face of this brutal and merciless onslaught by jumping from roof tops or throwing themselves into the running waters of the River Jhelum.

Even under such terrible conditions, the human spirit prevailed. A 19-year old boy, Maqbool Sherwani, went about on a cycle spreading a message that the Indian Army was on the doors of Baramulla. This information restrained the mercenaries and saved thousands of lives. It also stalled the march to Srinagar and literally saved the city from a fate even worse than that of Baramulla. When the Pakistanis realised that young Maqbool Sherwani had misled them, they shot and crucified him. The young boy, with his courage and presence of mind, etched a place for himself in the history for all times.

Pakistan’s perfidy was proof enough for Maharaja Hari Singh to realise that the security of his people lay only with India. It was with this conviction in mind that he signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947 and legally acceded to India under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947. The Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh was no different in content and spirit than what had been signed by other princely states.

The very next day on October 27, 1947 the Indian Army landed at Srinagar airport and, against great odds, saved the people. The Indian troops did not know or care about how politics would play out in the long run. Their only concern was to ensure that the barbarians were thrown out in the shortest possible time and security of the people ensured.

In this, they were singularly successful, but not without paying a heavy price including loss of many soldiers. If the Indian Army had not reacted the way it did, Srinagar would have been a huge, desolate graveyard and the history of the Kashmir Valley would have changed forever. The people at that time were full of praise for the Indian forces as they are even today. They recollect the courage and sacrifice of the Indian forces in 1947 with utmost respect and admiration.

Every year, starting from October 22, the Indian victory is remembered across the state and the country by holding memorials and other functions. The bravery of those who fought to save Kashmir, both civilian and military, is honoured with utmost reverence. From this year onwards, the government of India has declared observance of “Black Day” on October 22 to highlight Pakistan’s perfidy in attempting to illegally annex Jammu and Kashmir and the brutality of the mercenary hordes sent for the purpose.

A similar Black Day is also observed, since long, across Pakistan Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (POJK) and by its active diaspora, especially the Brussels-based United Kashmir Peoples National Party (UKPNP). Invariably, the demand is for immediate withdrawal of Pakistani forces from the territory.

A global seminar was also organised at Jammu to mark the Black Day; it was addressed, among others, by Jamil Maqsood of the UKPNP. The seminar raised a demand upon the government of India to approach the International Court of Justice to ensure censure of Pakistan for its atrocities against the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

It is no longer possible for Pakistan to mislead the people of Kashmir with fallacies and outright lies. The people of the state are well aware of their past and quite sure about what they want in the future. It is hoped that Pakistan will also get the message.

Kashmir: LG’s understatement on internally displaced persons

Manoj Sinha, Lt. Governor Jammu & Kashmir, cannot be singled out for his token response to the question of restoring secular profile of Kashmir Valley. Answering a press reporter about the return and restitution of the displaced community of Kashmiri Hindus (Pandits), the Lt. Governor chose to be vague and perfunctory. He has thus maintained the government’s decades-old policy of side-tracking the core of Kashmir issue.

He said the process of return of the displaced Pandits will begin in a year. But lest caught on the wrong foot, he corrected himself and added that 6,000 government vacancies would be filled by recruiting the youth from the displaced population and an equal number of flats was under construction in some parts of the valley where these employees would be housed. Thus we find that an issue meriting political decision is relegated to administrative dispensation. One can understand the compulsions.

However, it has to be recollected that the Prime Minister’s package was announced by Dr Manmohan Singh, the then PM, in 2008 on the occasion of inaugurating the Akhnoor Bridge in Jammu. In 12 years barely 1400 youth of the displaced community have been inducted into government service. With this snail’s pace, it will take another fifty years for the Lt. Governor to employ 4600 youth of the displaced community. The PM’s Package was dragged on for 12 long years and the eligible youth of the displaced community became overaged and ineligible for employment in government service. The LG was loath either to reflect on this sordid situation or to pass even an off-the-cuff remark on the subject.

We believe the Lt. Governor has to be a thinking machine in terms of the need and importance of secular dispensation in Kashmir and the pre-requisites of its contours. The question is whether the panacea for the ethnic cleansing of Kashmir lies in providing 6000 Class IV or III jobs to the eligible youth of the displaced community and then leave it to its fate. If in the eyes of responsible authorities the Pandit issue means only providing employment to their eligible youth and brushing aside all other ramifications of mass displacement and ethnic cleansing, then why not find them work for wages outside Kashmir and formally announce Kashmiris of the valley having the freedom of declaring Kashmir sharia observing theocratic region (or sub-region) in a secular Union Territory of the Indian Union.  

We believe that the Lt. Governor is aware that as Home Minister Rajnath Singh had proposed to earmark a sum of rupees 5000 crores for the rehabilitation of the displaced Pandits back in Kashmiri. Omar Abdullah, the then CM never responded to that proposal. What inference will the Lt. Governor draw from this?

Kashmiri Pandits protesting for their rights. (Representative image)
Kashmiri Pandits protesting for their rights. (Representative photo)

In the Agreement of Alliance jointly signed by Mufti Muhammad Saeed, the then chief minister and BJP leadership while cobbling a coalition government in 2014, it was stipulated that the displaced Hindus of the valley would be resettled in Kashmir. Late Mufti and PM Modi met in Delhi and agreed to take an initiative to this purpose. They made a public joint statement in Delhi. Next day, there was a general strike against the announcement in the entire valley, the like of which has never been seen. Not only that, in the State Legislative Assembly, Kashmir Valley MLAs came to fists with the BJP members and declared that no power on earth could bring back the Pandits to the Valley. Mufti Saeed, the then Chief Minister, intervening in the melee and absolving himself of the respondents said that he meant the Pandits would return to their homes in respective localities in towns and villages. But he did not say where their homes were and who had vandalized these and whether these existed at all? The General Secretary of National Conference (NC) is on record to have said that the NC would not allow the return of the displaced Pandits because “we know each Pandit will bring three Israelis with him.” This should explain to the Lt. Governor what Sheikh Abdullah meant saying in his biography Atash-e-Chinar that the Pandits are the “spies of India in Kashmir.” One may ask, is a Pandit eking out a miserable living in Kashmir a spy of India or is it those who have been ruling over Kashmir for three generations albeit with the patronage of New Delhi?

The Lt. Governor may assume the thorny issue of return and rehabilitation of displaced Pandits just simplistic and conducive to the political expediency of the authorities in power. But this simplification has an unfavourable dimension. It could be interpreted that the Pandits should reconcile to returning to the Wahhabized Kashmir and live as third rate zimmis (outcasts) in the once glorious land of their ancestors.

Who does not know that propagators of Islamic Caliphate have dragged Kashmir to the centre of their philosophy? The insurgents in Kashmir are not fighting for democracy, human rights, development, equality and the rule of law. They are fighting to dismantle it lock, stock and barrel, and replace it with Islamic Sharia (Law). Not only the Indian state but even the Indian nation is pitted against the expansionist Islam of early times. Kashmir cause is as dear to the bigots as it has led to a split among the Muslims in which the non-Semitic Islamic world has developed political differences with the Semitic Arab world. The former attaches importance to nuclear Pakistan hoping that the day would not be far away when she will in actuality convert it into an Islamic bomb. The ground is already set for that. What does President Erdogan’s aspiration for the revival of Ottoman grandeur mean? Of late Turkey has been showing goodwill gesture towards Kashmiri Muslim students by making their admission easier in Turkish institutes and granting scholarships to some of them. The aim is to assure the Kashmiri Muslims and to Pakistan that Turkey is with them in their Kashmir mission.

Farooq Abdullah’s call for invoking China’s support in the Islamic revivalist movement in Kashmir could not have come without the blessings from the Chinese mission in New Delhi, a source known for its largesse in winning over political dissidents of various hues in India. And China is using the Islamists all over the world for wrecking the existing world order and reshaping it after its planning. The world is getting gradually polarized.  Democracy, the universally accepted just form of government is alien to the doctrinal Islamic practice and tradition. India, with the second-largest Muslim population in the world is at the forefront of the ongoing clash of civilizations. Farooq or Mufti’s opposition to India essentially stems from the concept that Muslims are not supposed to be subservient to a non-Muslim rule. This thinking was clearly stated by Sheikh Abdullah when he argued for special status for Kashmir at the time when Indian constitution was in making.

When India agreed to Kashmir’s special status on the basis of religion and did not demand that J&K Constitution also make identical provision for the protection of the rights and identity of its religious minorities, it was obvious that India was reconciled to Kashmir as a theocratic region within the secular Indian Union. It is the loss of that theocratic status which Farooq Abdullah, Mufti Mehbooba and others of their team are lamenting for and seeking restoration. The recent separatist oriented statements of Mehbooba, the President of PDP should be a lesson for the BJP which made the Himalayan blunders in Kashmir especially that of forming a coalition with it not once but twice. Farooq Abdullah says that he is not against the Indian nation but against BJP for abrogation of Article 370 and Article 35A. But it is the Indian nation that had incorporated through its representatives in the parliament the said article in the constitution and it is the same Indian nation which has through its representatives in the Parliament abrogated the said Article. Obviously Farooq Abdullah is opposing not only the Indian nation but also it most sanctified institution namely the Indian Parliament.

With several terrorist organizations based in Pakistan sending their suicide bombers to fight the Indian defense forces in Kashmir and the state’s political leadership never condemning and always justifying the violence unleashed by them, the valley’s political leadership indirectly sends a message to the displaced community of Pandits that the valley is not the place they should look for. India is knee-deep in this existential conflict with the radicals. The Islamists have succeeded in making the world believe that India is lost to the secularists and, therefore, they have a historic duty to fight back for its “Islamization”. Nobody can predict how long this conflict will continue and with what consequences.

People in the valley are happy if the Indian government is investing massively in various developmental works in Kashmir. The developmental exercise has one meaning for the government of India and another for the valley’s leadership. What we would like to bring home to the Indian government is that the need is to bring about fundamental changes in Kashmir. Democracy and civil rights have been abused beyond limits in Kashmir. The entire administrative structure is mentally diseased and morally run aground. Religion is turned into lethal weapon that scares people and stifles their voice. Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A has roused much rabble and yielded substantially little. Stopping the abuse of democratic dispensation, neutralizing the tyranny of majoritarianism, drastically separating religion from politics, strictly enforcing rules and regulations governing cohesive social interaction, disarming the powerful elitist class, withdrawing all such privileges as generate support for the concept of exclusiveness etc., these are the fundamental tasks that must be taken in hand if Kashmir is to be retrieved. Kashmir Valley has to be India if the displaced community is to go back to the valley. The Pandits are not the goats to be sacrificed for the sake of the type of “secularism” which India is harboring in Kashmir. The Pandits will not go to the Wahhabized and Pakistani-zed Kashmir but to Indian-ized Kashmir only.

Forecasting China’s dream through the prism of Indo-China relations

International Geo-Political Overview
The world which was transiting through one of its most dynamic periods with the emergence of a multi-polar world leading to an unstable, dynamic security environment that has become even more complex due to ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. With the benefit of hindsight, we can say that it was waiting to happen. Post 9/11, GWOT (global war on terrorism) and numerous interventions by the USA and its allies in all parts of the globe (African continent, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Middle-East, Afghanistan, North Korea, Crimea, East Europe et al), the US and its allies (the West) started losing their appetite, economic and military capacities and capabilities to act as the moral policemen. Moreover, other countries led by China and Russia who no longer wished to be dominated or adhere to the liberal democratic world order ordained by the ‘West’, started creating their own strategic space by aligning with likeminded countries and strengthening their comprehensive national power (CNP). They concurrently analysed the strengths and vulnerabilities of the West with the aim of countering them, achieving their national objectives by carrying out a form of hybrid competition and confrontation, but staying below the red lines of the West, so as not to invite military or punitive responses. USA already acknowledges Russia and China as great powers (Russia more for its nuclear assets and military prowess), and now officially considers China as a peer competitor (Security Strategy (NSS) of 2017). Incidentally this month the IMF, has rated China as the largest economy in the World (this input surprisingly has gone largely unnoticed).

COVID the Catalyst
We are seeing increasing economic and strategic asymmetry, political, societal and cultural differences, compelling all nations (including USA) to carry out strategic balancing (multi-lateral and bilateral alliances), and engage in a mix of cooperation, competition, confrontation and possible conflict in case national aspirations/objectives are threatened; getting further aggravated due to the impact of COVID. To stir the cauldron even more, the ‘Rising Dragon’ China has donned its most visible, aggressive, multi-domain intervention ‘avatar’ leaving most nations, leaders, world institutions, geo-political/strategic experts alarmed, apprehensive and puzzled; most so a nervous, vulnerable and suddenly underconfident perplexed USA.

Ironically, the pandemic started in China (with numerous theories doing the rounds), but China seems to have rebounded the fastest. The October 19, 2020 Chinese economic forecast shows an overall BALANCED growth of 4.6%, a V-shaped recovery, which has been confirmed as huge and real by the Federal Reserve (US Central Bank) and IMF, while other nations are reeling in the midst of an unprecedented slowdown and negative growth pattern. The security situation in the Indo-Pacific region with focus on the China Seas (East and South) and South Asia (LAC along the India-China border) has never been so volatile or dangerous with a high probability of turning into a shooting war. The lack of agreements/protocols (broken or non-existent) and most of all trust amongst the protagonists, especially the military deployed at eyeball to eyeball contact and mobilized and operating in large numbers in all domains (land, maritime, air, space, information, PSYOPS (psychological operations) and in the cyber domain) has placed the geo-political security environment at a razor’s edge.

The Vicissitudes/Challenges of Forecasting
Crystal Ball Gazing/forecasting has always been difficult and uncertain, particularly in geo-politics. A domain in which the rules of the game are poorly understood, information is invariably incomplete, and expertise often confers surprisingly little advantage in predicting future events[i]. Policymakers tend to fill in with past experience which makes all of them forecasters. They often assume that tomorrow’s dangers will look like yesterday’s, retaining the same mental map even as the environment around them changes dramatically. On the other hand, if policymakers addressed all imaginable situations and threats, nations (India) would need so large and expensive a national security establishment that the country could do little else.

While scenario builders visualise too many possible futures, by contrast, forecasters believe it is possible to calculate the odds of possible outcomes, thereby transforming amorphous uncertainty into quantifiable risk. In geo-politics we need to combine both approaches, as having too many different versions of the future can make it nearly impossible to act. In geo-politics the most vibrant characteristic of decision-making is ‘Uncertainty’. To illustrate, in the current strategic security environment who can predict the following with certainty; Will there be bullets fired in East Ladakh/small scale clashes leading to kinetic action by December 31?; Will the tense standoff in the China Seas (South and East) and Taiwan Straits with no agreements/protocols between arrayed adversarial forces result in hostile actions accidentally/deliberately by end of 2020?; Will China start pulling back its forces mobilized in East Ladakh before severe winter? Philip E Tetlock, during his research on forecasting found that seasoned political experts had trouble outperforming “dart-tossing chimpanzees”/ random guesses when it came to predicting global events[ii]. The experts fared even worse against amateur news junkies. Overconfidence was the norm, not the exception. Those who were surest that they understood the forces driving the political system fared significantly worse than their humbler colleagues, who did not shy from complexity, approaching problems with greater curiosity and open-mindedness.

PM Narendra Modi accompanied by Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat and Army Chief MM Naravane during his visit to Ladakh on July 3.
PM Narendra Modi accompanied by Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat and Army Chief MM Naravane during his visit to Ladakh on July 3.

China 2040/2050 — Likely Scenarios, Pathways Adopted and Grand Strategy

Likely Scenarios
With uncertainty as a backdrop, we can forecast four fairly obvious scenarios of China two/three decades from now (also supported by RAND Report[iii]), which are —

  • China Dream Achieved (Triumphant). Dominates the world stage in most domains, with a modern military and an innovative economy.
  • Almost There (Ascendant). Preeminent power not only in Asia but in other regions, as well.
  • Status Quo (Stagnant). Suffered from low growth and faces social unrest.
  • Fading/Disturbed internally (Imploding). Experiences a crisis of existential proportions, in which domestic instability undercuts the country’s international influence.

Pathways Adopted by China based on Growth – Pathways likely to be adopted by China against its adversaries are likely to be a mix of multi-domain approaches (PDIME – political, diplomatic, informational, military, and mainly economic) with; firstly, adopt cooperation, accommodation and competition when growth is stagnant/slow; secondly, confrontationist/even threatening conflict approach if growth pattern remarkably surges like now post COVID, as confident and assertive China perceives that the world, specially USA and the West is down, while with its V-shaped recovery it’s a great opportunity to attain its global objectives; thirdly, almost impossible to predict if CCP (not China) perceives an existential crisis amidst widespread out of control internal dissension, forcing CCP to create a false external threat narrative and instigate nationalism and jingoism, provoking conflict to deflect people’s attention. India must carefully analyse signals emanating from China, as perceived alignment of India with USA and its allies will evoke a strong response as is happening now. India while structuring its own strategic maneuvers and attempting to retain ‘strategic autonomy’ should be aware that it is also a battle of perception whatever may be India’s intention.

Core Elements of Chinese Grand Strat
The struggle between the US and China is ultimately over which country offers a better road to progress. China seeks to demonstrate that its brand of governance is superior to that of the West, and consequently, it deserves a greater say and political influence over international affairs. Post COVID instead of being muted and cooperative, China has pulled out all the stops, and is showing urgency in achieving President Xi Jinping’s China Dream perceiving an opportunity. Watching the annoyance and hostility of nations, there is a visible hardening of stance and siege mentality amongst Chinese leaders specially Xi. Having mounted the nationalist, high growth, high aspiration tiger, Xi may be tempted to act thinking that it’s a ‘’now or never’ period and even views it as an existential struggle for the CCP. China is fully aware that its rise is going be contested every step of the way especially by a confused, angry, threatened, apprehensive USA, using every attribute of their CNP (comprehensive national power). These moves as can be seen will sometimes be unreasonable, illegal, by subterfuge, breaking agreements (specially on trade and high end and disruptive technologies); forming strategic and military alliances; and engaging in political, military, trade and economic brinkmanship. Under these circumstances the core elements of Xi/CCP to guide China are likely to be: –

  • Ensure Legitimacy of CCP for the Long Term. While Xi Jinping remains the absolute leader, we must not forget that there are approximately 80 million CCP members, a degree of factionalism within, and groups and individuals with different world and China views (including numbers who admire USA) creating a paradox within. Since there are no elections, material prosperity and economic growth remain central to CCP survival.
  • The New Mantra. When confronted externally by more belligerent adversaries China realizes that its policy should be ‘liberal externally and illiberal internally’.
  • Win International Support and recast Global Rules and Order.  The emerging multi-polar world is already seeing many nations who want to follow their own ideology and paths, especially those ruled by autocrats/dictators who are happy to find alternate narratives and options led by Russia and China with structures/alliances/even economic backing to follow their own path. The biggest requirement for all these countries even the developed nations is economic help. China with its deep pockets, BRI and economic statecraft is fast emerging as a very strong alternative to global leadership. With increasing geo-politico-military-economic-cultural clout and presence in the world institutions, China no longer wants to bide its time, as it feels it has arrived.
  • Increase Isolation of Taiwan. It is extremely difficult to forecast the status of Taiwan in the next two/three decades. For the CCP the ‘one China policy’ is a core non-negotiable national imperative.
  • Neutralise/Remove US and Western influence in Asia and Indo-Pacific. China undoubtedly stands amongst the first two in most parameters of economy, diplomatic influence, military capability, future resources, cultural influence and soft power (less defence alliances and technology where it is fast catching up), and has almost caught up with USA in overall comprehensive national power (CNP[iv]. Xi Jinping has transformed the PLA into a modern, cohesive force capable of fighting a multi-domain war outside its sovereign territory. Compact integrated theatre commands, rapidly expanding Navy with blue water capabilities, strategic support and rocket force incorporating the latest in game changing niche (AI, hyper velocity, nanotechnology, robotics, space and satellite systems) and disruptive technologies make it a formidable vertical of its comprehensive national power. IMF has already stated that it boasts of the largest economy in the world. Numerous wargames conducted by US military and strategic Think Tanks has signaled to USA that in case of a war with China an assured victory is not guaranteed. China feels it is her right to dominate Asia being a global power, for which it has to erode the West’s influence completely.

Crystal Ball Gazing: LAC Manoeuvres during Winter of 2020/21.          There is no doubting the asymmetry in comprehensive national power (CNP) between China and India, however, militarily along the LAC in East Ladakh, India can negotiate on equal terms, due to the pro-active operational manoeuvres undertaken by the Indian Army. China would aim at attaining a comprehensive and overwhelming geo-political and strategic advantage vis-à-vis India, which cannot be altered by war. This has presently been foreclosed/stalled by Indian Armed Forces due to the extremely fast mobilization and mirror deployment in strength, building logistics sustenance capability for the winter, forward posturing of the IAF, mobilized Indian Navy signaling intent of intervention in the Indian Ocean Region (further strengthened by QUAD statements), strong retaliation at Galwan (which shook up the PLA), and bold surprise occupation of the Kailash Range dominating heights compromising Chinese ground positions, as also clear intent and resolve that our Armed Forces will stand firm, stay the winter and rules of the game have changed irrevocably. Our Indian Army has a formidable reputation of fighting in high altitude terrain, management of LoC/LAC of which we are masters. The likely scenario which is likely to pan out are bulleted below: –

  • No major operational land manoeuvres by Chinese expected. India too will bide its time. India has also signaled that rules of engagement along the LAC has changed and troops have been ordered to even use firearms if their positions are under threat.
  • Total lack of trust specially between the Armed Forces prevails. Our Army will stay deployed in strength through the winter.
  • China equally wary of Indian probability of offensive manoeuvres (operational/ tactical). One of the senior PLA Generals has publicly warned China of the possibility.
  • China could carry out demonstrative posturing and increased movement along the LAC even in other Sectors [Middle (HP & Uttaranchal) and Eastern (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim).
  • India must be prepared for sudden opportunistic tactical moves by PLA. India too will be planning the same as quid pro quid operations, as also part of consolidation of gains for leverage during negotiations.
  • Possibility of Mutual Understanding on LAC Standoff. There is a distinct possibility of PLA agreeing to mutual pulling back of troops on terms acceptable to India. This is because China has lost the opportunity for ensuring strategic gains, and any further major offensive action could prove counter-productive and very costly with non-commensurate gains. Deploying in strength over a long period, along the LAC sends a wrong message to the world about an aspiring global power that has failed to resolve her boundary issue, which she set out to do. Geo-political prediction is uncertain as already elaborated, but China could seek a face-saving LAC resolution before severe winter sets in. Certain non-negotiables for India militarily are continuing building/upgrading infrastructure along LAC, use of DBO ALG (Daulat Beg Oldie Advanced Landing Ground) and strategic Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road, patrolling up to designated points in Depsang plains, and occupation of Kailash heights. The tenuous and ambiguous concept of ‘Buffer Zones’ should be viewed with extreme caution due to possibility of different interpretations. The very concept of border/LAC management needs to be redrawn with proper verification and validation processes factored in.
  • Pakistan unlikely to get directly involved. Multi-Domain hybrid warfare continues, and mobilization can be expected closer to any major move by China.
  • QUAD consolidation good signaling. Ex-Malabar shows intent.
  • An interesting summer of 2021 lies ahead based on events globally.
  • The nuclear dimension; China and India are two mature nuclear powers with a stated ‘no first use policy’, and this aspect is not being considered as of now.
  • Increasingly it is clear that leaders very often take unilateral decisions despite contrary advice and hence behavioral science/study of leaders (Xi Jinping, PLA commanders, Gen Bajwa) vital.
  • This is a golden opportunity to impress upon the Chinese the urgency and strategic necessity of ‘Delineation and Demarcation of LAC/IB’ to preclude occurrence of more such standoffs, which could lead to a shooting war.

Positive Takeaways from Chinese Belligerence
There has been forward movement in the higher security and defence management in India with numerous positive steps like ‘aatmanirbharta’ (self reliance) in defence and critical sectors, appointment of CDS and Dept of Military Affairs, focus on priority defence procurement, steps for corporatization of OFB (Ordnance Factory Board), enhanced strategic and defence cooperation with USA and other friendly nations. The Chinese LAC challenge has brought into sharp focus the necessity of ‘complete and comprehensive integration of our National Security Architecture’ which is outside the scope of this paper. It has eliminated the bogey of the Chinese Dragon as a behemoth and ten feet tall and all powerful, and the bogey of the 1962 debacle once and for all, including the military. It has irrevocably pointed our focus on our most serious strategic challenge/threat of China, and will ensure a more pragmatic and realistic assessment of Pakistan, who will become just an irritant as the Indian asymmetry widens. It has also acted as a clarion call to 1.4 billion Indians for the next 50 years (two generations), that China the permanent contiguous immediate hegemonistic neighbor will always have an adversarial/confrontationist relationship, because that is how real politik pans out. This automatically tells India that we have no choice but to build our comprehensive national power especially the military domain (at least till our border issue is resolved which China will not do in immediate future being a good pressure point against us) to meet all the challenges of a multi-polar, multi-domain competitive, confrontationist world, to ensure that our national vision and aspirations are met.

Conclusion
This is undoubtedly a momentous, historic moment for the geo-political future of India. We have so far got our act together. We need to stay strong and firm, avoid jingoism, support and have faith in the professionalism of our battle hardened Armed Forces, remain ahead of the Chinese loop, anticipate their moves and preempt them. It’s a long road ahead with numerous multi-domain challenges as no doubt China with her client state Pakistan will step up their hybrid operations (including the 3-Warfare strategy of legal, psychological and information operations) in the months ahead, to achieve their objective, which they have failed to do by military intimidation and subterfuge. If we come out of the LAC standoff with our national interests not compromised, our territorial integrity and sovereignty intact, ensure a stalemate which will be seen as a victory, and our national resolve and confidence at a much better place than before, it will open the skies for global support and cooperation, acting as a catalyst for a fast turn-around of our economy. This along with our enhanced status amongst the comity of nations will act as an impetus for sustained growth and emergence as a ‘balancing power’.

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[i] ‘A Better Crystal Ball: The Right Way to Think About the Futureby J Peter Scoblic and Philip E Tetlock, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec 2020.

[ii] Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction’ by Philip E Tetlock,  published in 2015 by Crown Publishers, available in Amazon

[iii] ‘China’s Grand Strategy: Trends, Trajectories, and Long-Term Competition’, 2020 RAND Corporation Report commissioned by US Army, Link – https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2798.html

[iv] Lowy Institute Asian Power Index 2020, Link – https://power.lowyinstitute.org

Pakistan force stops the Oct 22 rally in Gilgit-Baltistan

Pakistan forcibly stopped a rally in Gilgit-Baltistan in its latest effort to curb free speech in the region. This rally in Gilgit was called by the National Equality Party JKGBL (Jammu Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh) to create awareness amongst the people of Gilgit-Baltistan about the Pakistani invasion on the erstwhile princely state of Jammu & Kashmir on October 22, 1947.

“The National Equality Party, JKGBL, had announced a peaceful rally in Gilgit against the October 22, 1947 Pakistani invasion and occupation of the state. However, before the time of the rally, Pakistani agencies and police held National Equality Party JKGBL central vice chairman Ghiasuddin Gilgit and party workers hostage at gunpoint at the Palace Hotel, while workers of all banned terrorist organizations were let loose in the city to harass and intimidate the peaceful political workers,” said the National Equality Party JKGBL in its statement.

The National Equality Party JKGBL (Jammu Kashmir Gilgit Baltistan and Ladakh) has strongly condemned this naked state terrorism by Pakistan and said that such measures cannot demoralize them. The National Equality Party JKGBL further added that they would expose Pakistan’s terrorism to the world and make the world aware of the true face of Pakistan.

The people of Gilgit-Baltistan have been protesting against Pakistan’s efforts to declare Gilgit-Baltistan as its fifth province. Massive protests have been going on across the region against Pakistan’s move and Kashmiris see this move as a direct sell out of Gilgit-Baltistan to China. Islamabad and Rawalpindi are under immense pressure from China to not allow any rally, protest or demonstration in any part of Gilgit-Baltistan that may give a hint to the outside world about the real state of affairs in Gilgit-Baltistan and POK (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir).

In fact, before October 22 1947 when Pakistan attacked the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir with its ill-intention to capture Kashmir, the entire state of Jammu & Kashmir was ruled by Maharaja Hari Singh.

First Pass of the World Intelligence Network 5 to 7 Sigma Societies

Finishing the loose ends of this 84 “active” high-IQ society listing, this is article five of six with a first-pass analysis of the World Intelligence Network from claimed sigmas 5 to 7 (inclusive).  The World Intelligence Network was founded by one of the few ever-present personalities of the high-IQ international communities, Dr. Evangelos Katsioulis, who remains the President alongside Manahel Thabet as the Vice President. The first pass simply goes from the website links. The second pass looks through search engines. Thus, the first pass should be considered less reliable, though direct reportage of the status based only on the information from the link on the World Intelligence Network website. The second pass has found some societies to be active to different degrees and in interesting ways. Here goes:

At 5 sigma, the Mega Foundation Society of Gina LoSasso (Dr. Gina Langan) and Christopher Langan connects to a dead Facebook link. Thus, on the first pass alone, the Mega Foundation Society looks defunct. The OlympIQ Society of Evangelos Katsioulis connects to an internal World Intelligence Network website and seems functional. Presidents have been Evangelos Katsioulis and Thomas B. Its Vice presidents have been YoungHoon Bryan Kim, George Petasis, Jonas Högberg, and Jonathan Wai. Internet officers have been Evangelos Katsioulis and Jonas Högberg. Its membership officers have been Evangelos Katsioulis, Jonathan Wai, and Jan Willem Versluis.[1] The Pars Society of Baran Yönter leads to a dead website and looks defunct on the first pass. PolymathIQ Society of Ron Altmann seems defunct on the first pass. The Sigma V Society of Hindemburg Melão/Hindemburg Melao seems functional, though potentially paralytic with members including Hindemburg Melão Jr., Petri Widsten, Alexandre Prata Maluf, Rauno Lindström, Peter David Bentley, Bart Lindekens, Joachim Lahav, Marc Heremans, Staffan Svensson, Will Fletcher, Guilherme Marques dos Santos Silva, and Lloyd King. The Unicorn Society of Hindemburg Melão seems online, though potentially defunct, uncertain, on the first pass.

At 5.33 sigma, the Ultima Society of Ivan Ivec seems defunct on the first pass.

At 6 sigma, the Giga Society of Paul Cooijmans seems functional on the first pass with members including Andreas Gunnarsson, Thomas Wolf, Evangelos Katsioulis, Rick Rosner, Matthew Scillitani, Heinrich Siemens, Scott Ben Durgin/Scott Durgin, Dany Provost, and Rolf Mifflin, Paul John – possibly others. The Nano Society of Ivan Ivec seems defunct on first pass leading to a dead website. The Sigma VI Society of Hindemburg Melão seems online with unknown activity on the first pass with members and prospective members including Hindemburg Melão Jr., Petri Widsten, Alexandre Prata Maluf (Prospective member, wait for the new norm of the Sigma Test VI), and Peter David Bentley (Prospective member, wait for the new norm of the Sigma Test VI).

At 6.27 sigma, the One in Five Society of Huck Nembelton leads to a dead website and seems dead on the first pass. The Universal Genius Society (UNIGEG) of Brennan Martin leads to a dead link and appears defunct on first pass.

At 6.66 sigma, the Grail Society of Paul Cooijmans appears functional and inactive with a website on the first pass.

At 7 sigma, the Tera Society of R. Young of New Zealand on the first pass contains an active, functional website, i.e., seems non-defunct.

The sixth, of six, article(s) will cover these 5 to 7 sigma societies in more depth. Links will be provided to the other articles for ease and the summary statement on this research followed by a statement on the next set of research.

[1] The members include Dr. Evangelos G. Katsioulis, MD, MSc, PhD, Bart Miles, Laura N. Kochen, D.X.J., Christophe Dodos, Steve Schuessler, George Ch. Petasis, A.F., Jonas Högberg, Mari Takishita, J. W., Thomas B., Jan Willem Versluis, Alexander Prata Maluf, Dr. Christopher Philip Harding, Oliver Q., Wayne Zhang, Martin Tobias Lithner, Miguel Angel Soto-Miranda, M.D., Hever Horacio Arreola Gutierrez, Wang Peng, Takahiro Kitagawa, Andreas Andersson, Lee HanKyung, M.D., Julio Machado, Misaki Ota, Erik Hæreid, Santanu Sengupta, Qiao Hansheng, Dr. Benoit Desjardins, MD, PhD, Wen-Chin Sui, Yaron Mirelman, JMoriarty, Fan Yiwen, Zhibin Zhang (张智彬), Chen Anping, Dr. Yasunobu Egawa, Ph.D., Raymond Walbrecq, Junlong Li(李俊龙, Prof. Vernon M. Neppe MD, PhD, Nth Bar-Fields, Susumu Ota, Li Shimin, Marios Prodromou, Rickard Sagirbay, Dan Liu (刘丹), YoungHoon Bryan Kim (김영훈), W. C., Jo Christopher Montalban Resquites, Entemake Aman, Daniel Shea, Yaniv Hozez, Ζeu Ζoug(宗震), and Sio.

Its Subscribers are Gaetano Morelli, Anonymous O.S.2,  Anonymous O.S.3, Yi Junho, Frederick Goertz, Iakovos Koukas, Anonymous OS.007, Altug Alkan, James McBeath, Anonymous O.S.10, Anonymous O.S.11, Nikolaos Katevas MDs, BSc, MSc, PhDc, Jose Gonzalez Molinero, Frank Aiello, Watcharaphol Chitvattanawong (วัชรพล ชิตวัฒนวงษ์), and Sandra Schlick.

Photo by Maximalfocus on Unsplash

Sindh Police stands up to Pak Army in ‘Naya’ Pakistan

It seems that Prime Minister Imran Khan’s bid to unveil a ‘Naya’ (new) Pakistan hasn’t impressed opposition political parties. This is why 11 opposition political parties in Pakistan announced the creation of an alliance called Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) last month to oust the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) government. But not many took the PDM seriously because Khan had already announced that his government not only enjoyed “excellent” and “most harmonious” relations with Rawalpindi, but also that the two “work together [and] the military completely stands by all the democratic government’s policies.”

Those who know Pakistan will agree that there couldn’t have been a more forceful way to convey the message that Khan’s position was unassailable!

It’s quite possible that it was his inflated ego and survival instinct that spurred the PTI chief to cite the army’s backing rather than his popularity as raison d’être of his political ‘invincibility’. Similarly, Pakistan Army chief Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa in his address during the passing out parade of cadets at Pakistan Military Academy Kakul on October 10, mentioning that “We continue to support the government, whenever asked to, as per the law and guidelines of the constitution,” may have been mere reiteration of the well known and universal fact that besides defending the nation’s borders, armies are also required to assist the government during major calamities and in maintenance of law and order.

However, many analysts opine that this seemingly irrelevant and out of context statement being made by the army chief at the ‘cradle’ of Pakistan’s military leadership has a subtle significance as it endorses Khan’s claim of the army and government in Pakistan being “on the same page.” But rather that have a positive impact, Khan’s ‘boast’ of enjoying the military’s support and Gen Bajwa’s ‘academic’ revelation on the army supporting the government has only further fueled speculation of a possible quid pro quo.

Sindh Police officers who have applied for mass leave to protest the high-handed behaviour of Pakistan Army and the ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence)

But by his incessant declarations about having the army’s support, Khan has unwittingly vindicated former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s public assertion that Pakistan Army chief “Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa ended my government. He rigged 2018 elections and imposed incapable Imran Khan on the nation (sic).” Similarly, Gen Bajwa’s out of place statement on the army’s support to the government is seen as a ‘return-gift’ to Khan for extending the army chief’s tenure by three years by invoking legislation to overcome its legal illegitimacy and widespread objections from opposition parties.

When it comes to the issue of wielding power and authority in Pakistan, the military has indisputably always been ‘numero uno’. So, even though Rawalpindi has always been playing ‘king-maker’ and installing pliable Prime Ministers who would readily accept the military’s supremacy, but still there were instances of run-ins between the two. Those who riled the army by trying to be assertive and earned Rawalpindi’s wrath and lost their jobs includes Prime Ministers Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, his daughter Benazir Bhutto Zardari, and more recently, Nawaz Sharif.

Though the Pakistan Army has regularly been exceeding its brief by manipulating the country’s institutions, it has never been so brash in its dealing before. Today, we find a high court judge accusing ISI of getting “benches formed at their will,” a peaceful crusade for securing rights of ethnic minorities like the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement [PTM] being publicly threatened by being told that“their time is up” and idioms like “all’s fair in love and war” and “war is very ruthless” being used to trivialise the rather solemn issue of enforced disappearances in Balochistan and elsewhere.

Today, even journalists are not safe in Pakistan anymore as is evident from the recent abduction of senior Pakistani journalist Matiullah Jan. A vocal critic of the military establishment, Jan was abducted in broad daylight in Islamabad in July by a group of men and in the CCTV footage that captured this incident, some of the kidnappers were seen wearing black police tee-shirts. However, the police outrightly denied that its personnel were involved and this claim is logical because of three reasons.

Pakistani Journalist Matiullah Jan was forcefully abducted from Islamabad on July 21. He was later on released.
Pakistani Journalist Matiullah Jan was forcefully abducted from Islamabad by the ISI on July 21. He was later on released.

One, if it wanted to arrest the scribe, then the police could easily have got a warrant for this purpose. Two, if the police wanted to abduct Jan, then why not pick him up from his home in the dead of the night instead of doing so in broad daylight- and that too from in front of a school which was functioning at that time? Lastly, where does one find the kidnappers flashing their identity by wearing uniforms of the organisation they belong to?

It may not have been officially declared, but even a child in Islamabad knows that Jan’s kidnapping was the handiwork of ISI.

The claim made by PDM (Pakistan Democratic Movement) leaders during a press conference that Sindh’s Inspector General of Police [IGP] Mushtaq Ahmed Mahar had been kidnapped by Rangers and forced to order arrest of PML-N leader Capt (Retd.) Safdar, is a very serious one. Whereas this allegation may seem farfetched, but with Gen Bajwa ordering an enquiry into this incident, it’s absolutely clear that IGP Sindh Province was indeed ‘abducted’ and the orders for this illegal action came from some military authority because though a paramilitary force, the Rangers are commanded by army officers.

Over the years, people in Pakistan may have got used to the highhandedness of the army, but it seems that for the Sindh Police, the ‘abduction’ of an IGP rank officer and coercing him to sign an arrest warrant has proved to be the proverbial straw that broke the camel’s back. That’s why it’s not at all surprising that more than 15 police officers of various ranks ranging from Station House Officers to Additional Inspector Generals have submitted identical leave applications to “protest the humiliation meted out to Sindh police” and terming this decision “a spontaneous and heartfelt reaction made on an individual rather than collective basis.”

Policing is a thankless job and as such police men all over the world develop a remarkable degree of resilience and aren’t easily provoked. So, even though Sindh Police has termed the decision of its officers to proceed on mass leave a “spontaneous” but individual reaction “because every single member of the department felt an acute sense of disrespect,” the reality is quite different. Under the present dispensation, just like all other state institutions, the police too are being continuously embarrassed by the army’s self-serving one-upmanship drive to project itself as the country’s sole patriots and as such, ‘abduction’ of IGP Sindh has only served as the tipping point.

With the influence that the army wields in Pakistan and its innate ability to make offers that can’t be refused, it’s obvious that the Sindh Police crisis will blow over very soon. But this is no consolation since this incident confirms the existence of ‘Bajwa-Khan nexus’ in which Rawalpindi is acting as Islamabad’s ‘capo’ that is willingly arm-twisting ‘uncooperative’ police officers into issuing arrest warrants against Khan’s political enemies. So, the high court judge’s complaint about the army’s interference in the judiciary may well be true!

So, it’s time that the discerning people of Pakistan took a more realistic view of the prevailing situation and instead of tilting windmills or worrying about non-existent external threats, unite to identify and fight the enemies of democracy within! 

22 Oct 1947: Pakistan continues to propagate fake history of Kashmir

1

In the year 712 AD Raja Dahir Sen, our last Maharaja of Sindhudesh, was killed by Arabs when they invaded Sindh. In order to legitimize their attack on Sindhudesh, Arabs gave several reasons and the most famous was that Raja Dahir Sen was a Hindu tyrant ruler who persecuted innocent people in name of religion and he looted and massacred Muslim traders, and so poor victims wrote letters to Arab caliphs who then came to rescue the people of Sindh. So till today history books in Pakistan teach us that Arab invader Muhammad bin Qasim was our liberator and a “Hero”!

But Muhammad bin Qasim just looted the temples, killed thousands of innocent people and abducted daughters of Sindh as slave to be sold on in the Arab streets. Hundreds of Sindhi girls were presented as “gift” to royals and several thousand Sindhi women were sold on the Arab streets.

History is two-edged sword, historical boundary precedents play a central role in the outbreak, character, and long-term consequences of territorial disputes. The general concept about history is that it is written by the rulers or by the occupiers who then insert lies and twist facts to suit their political and ideological agenda, rather than present facts before the people. History written by Arab invaders, Persians and Pakistani Muslim Scholars (mostly) support their ideology and justify their political narrative. This is clearly visible in the case of Sindh and Sindhi people, and also how our history has been distorted by writing fictitious stories about our last King Raja Dahir Sen of Sindhudesh.

This same story has been repeated by Pakistan in the case of Jammu & Kashmir. On October 22, 1947 tribesmen and Pakistan Army attacked and invaded Jammu & Kashmir and yet lies, twists and misleading propaganda against the last Hindu Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir Hari Singh has been circulating. It has been propagated that Maharaja Hari Singh was a tyrant and he was persecuting innocent Muslims of Kashmir and to liberate Kashmiri Muslims a lashkar (militant’s group) of approximately 20,000 tribesmen with the support of Pakistan military entered J&K. However, it is never mentioned that this Pakistani lashkar looted, vandalized places of worship, raped thousands of women and massacred hundreds of thousands of innocent Kashmiris in the name of Jihad (holy war). Yet in the history books of Pakistan these tribal lashkars are known as liberators and messiah!

October 22, 1947 is observed as Black Day in Jammu & Kashmir. On this day Pakistan-sponsored tribals attacked Jammu & Kashmir.

Indo-Pakistan war of 1947-48
Also known as the Kashmir war, this war was fought between India and Pakistan over 1947 to 1948. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its creation by launching tribal lashkar (militia tribesmen) in an effort to capture Kashmir. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries. On 22 October 1947, Pakistan’s Pashtun tribal militias crossed the border of the state. These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take over Srinagar. They kept on looting and plundering Kashmir till they reached Baramulla, where they halted for a few days. During this time Maharaja Hari Singh made a request to India for assistance and subsequently signed the instrument of accession with India.

General Tariq real name (Major General Akbar Khan) of Pakistan Army was in charge of the attack on Jammu & Kashmir, the plan was famously called as the armed revolt inside Kashmir against a non- Muslim tyrant ruler who is persecuting Muslims of Kashmir. Words such as “Hindu”, “tyrant” and atrocities against Muslims ignited the naïve people and tribesmen to fulfill their religious obligation jihad (holy war). But they started attacking and looting homes of both the Hindus and Muslims, even places of worship were not spared and they entered and took whatever they could lay their hands on. These jihadi lashkars vandalized Mandirs (temple) and desecrated several Masjids (Mosques).

In their lustful search for gold, silver and money the tribal attackers dug up the stone floors of shops, homes and temples. Several Hindus thought that since the attackers are Muslim so they would spare mosques and hid their gold and valuable things there but the tribal attackers did not spare the mosques also. In fact, the first President of “Azad Kashmir” Sardar Ibrahim Khan appointed by Pakistani military praised the invaders.

“Tribesmen played an important role in the movement of Azad Kashmir, They came all the way from different parts, from settled and unsettled areas of tribal territory to fight in Kashmir. Suleman Khel tribesmen came all the way from Afghanistan to take part in this Jihad but when the Indian Army came in the region on the request of Maharaja Hari Singh and encountered the tribesmen they retreated with great speed. They disintegrated into smaller groups and vanished leaving the territory entirely defenseless. All the tribesmen reached Abbottabad safe and sound,” said Sardar Ibrahim Khan the first president of Azad Kashmir (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir) in his statement soon after the tribal attack on Jammu & Kashmir.

This statement of Sardar Ibrahim Khan totally exposes the aggression and involvement of Pakistan military wherein they started the war and then the agenda against Kashmiri people about capturing of Kashmir. It was not India rather it’s Pakistan that started the war and yet till today the Pakistani history books and media portraits that it was India that massacred Muslims in Kashmir. Pakistani media and history books talks about November 6, 1947 when a few Muslims were killed in Kashmir in reaction to the slaughtering of hundreds of thousands Hindus and Sikhs and mass rapes by the Pakistani tribesmen and the Pakistan Army during the fortnight October 22, 1947.

I want to salute Muhammad Saeed Asad, author of “Wounded Memories” and Dr Shabir Choudhry, author of “Tribal Invasion and Kashmir” for their efforts to bring out truth through their invaluable books.

Muhammad Saeed Asad who interviewed the people who had either suffered during the tribal attack on Kashmir or witnessed the carnage writes, “This ill-fated and pre-conceived plan of the 22nd of October 1947 was designed to dismember our body. It totally disintegrated our society. It turned our history on its head and it buried our dignity.” In another place he writes; “Many eye-witnesses of the time along with a number of writers have opined that the tribal invasion of Kashmir was an ill-thought out and idiotic plan, which has proved fatal for Kashmir and Kashmiris in my opinion, there remains no doubt and there is no room for a second opinion that the planners and perpetrators of the tribal invasion on Kashmir, stand out as enemy number one of the Kashmiris, I would go further to say that if this invasion didn’t take place, a dispute on Kashmir would not have arisen.”

Muhammad Saeed Asad writes further; “The planners of the tribal invasion and their Kashmiri agents are the original and actual culprits of Kashmiri people, it is important for the nation to identify these criminals, bring them forth and make them stand in the court of time … I have strong hope that the new generation of Kashmir will not remain ill-informed or misdirected, as to who are foremost in killing their future and the enemy of their future.”

And just like the wrongs in Kashmir, Pakistan committed similar crimes in Sindh. Look what has happened with the people of Sindh, their history was been destroyed, they were used in a fake two nation theory, Pashtuns were used by Pakistani military in name of Jihad” and people of Bangladesh (earlier East Pakistan) were trapped by falsities of Pakistani Muslim narrative. However, Bangladesh attained its freedom in 1971. The people of Kashmir and Muslims of India should read these books and try to understand the reality, and not fall for the only narrative creative by Pakistan. Because the history books of Pakistan and their media is misleading and fake.

Second Pass of the World Intelligence Network 3.13-4.8 Sigma Societies

To the micro-fraction interested in such an analysis in this series, let’s continue, please, the World Intelligence Network lists a significant number of high-IQ societies, which comes in two lists. One states 65 active high-IQ societies; another lists 84 “active” high-IQ societies. “Active” is the presumptive status of the 84 high-IQ societies claimed, as such, for the World Intelligence Network. Based on the first three articles, “active” is not true. Perhaps, it was, but not anymore. These series of inter-related articles focus on the second list, as it’s, purely and simply, longer – 84 in contrast to 65. The original idea was four articles based on two segments of the societies and then a first pass & second pass analysis of the societal status. This idea could be extended with further thought now into the claimed higher sigma societies beyond 4.8.

This fourth article covers the second pass or second review of the World Intelligence Network “active” high-IQ societies between sigmas 3.13 and 4.8. The first pass reviews the website links to see the status directly from the World Intelligence Network. The second pass looks at the world’s largest search engine with keyword searches, i.e., Google searches. The President of the World Intelligence Network is Evangelos Katsioulis and the Vice President/Vice-President is Manahel Thabet. The publication for the World Intelligence Network is Phenomenon run by co-editors Lord Graham Powell/Graham Powell and Krystal Volney. Here we go again, dear reader:

At 3.13 sigma, the Ludomind Society of Albert Frank and Peter Bentley appears mentioned in an article by Albert Frank hosted on the web domain of Paul Cooijmans entitled “Ludomind, A New Society.” The article states:

Ludomind was founded in 1999 by Albert Frank.

In 2003, it became an International Society, (re)founded by Peter Bentley and Albert Frank. The goal of the society is – without any exception – to present BEAUTIFUL puzzles. The members must of course specify if they are the author of the puzzle, or give the origin. A puzzle may never come from a (active or inactive) test.

Besides, the puzzles may not be (too) cultural, may not be related to a language (some members don’t speak English), and must not need high academics knowledge.

To become a member, ALL of the following conditions are needed:

– An estimated I.Q. > 150 (this condition is the less important)

– To have created or selected ONLY beautiful puzzles

– To be active – this means to present a puzzle minimum from time to time

– To accept, on the mailing list, to send mails only – without any restriction – concerning puzzles. The SesquIQ Society appears defunct…

… The URL is: http://www.ludomind.gui.pro.br/

The URL is defunct. One can find a copy of the article: http://users.skynet.be/albert.frank/ludomind1.htm. The same URL is defunct. “Eight Unusual High IQ Societies” by ‘bkivey’ mentions the society, which states the 150+ IQ (S.D. 16) requirement for membership. The World Genius Directory lists the society, while the link there, too, is defunct. AtlantIQ Society lists Ludomind in its dead societies section. Thus, on the second pass, and the first pass, Ludomind appears defunct. One can find numerous references to SesquIQ Society without legitimate links to a valid web domain leading to a second pass conclusion of the defunct status of it. However, its old website stated:

About SesquIQ:

          ”Sesqui-” means one and a half, (sesquicentennial is 150 years), so using a play on the prefix and an acronym, adding “sesqui” to the average IQ of 100 is therefore 150. Pronounced ( ses kwi’ ku ). Our first purpose is to put learned knowledge into action, to live-out our philosophy of productivity.

Membership Requirements:

          (i) Verifiable 150 IQ (99.9%+ as scored on a legitimate supervised IQ test), or 360 SQ. (ii) Personally and physically involved in a productive action which has universal value to Nature. (iii) Dissertation explaining your activity in detail. (iv) Must be polite, honest, compassionate, fair, ethically moral, peaceful, and logically minded. (v) Online members must submit an update of their activity twice a year to be reviewed for continuing membership.

At 3.2 sigma, the ISI-Society of Jonathan Wai seems defunct on its first pass while functional and active on its second pass[1]. Its current administrators are Stanislav Riha and Braco Veletanlic. Its distinguished members are Laurent Dubois, Hindemburg Melao Jr., Philip J. Carter, Evangelos G. Katsioulis, Petri Widsten, Carlos P. Simoes, Xavier Jouve, David Udbjorg, Hernan R. Chang, Umit Soygenis, Vernon M. Neppe, Luis Enrique Pérez Ostoa, Edward Close, Marco Ripà, Paul Freeman, Paul Moroz, Mark van Vuuren, Adrian Klein, Niranjan C. Bhat, Jason Betts, Beatrice Rescazzi, and Simon Olling Rebsdorf. The Smart People Society appears defunct on first pass and second pass.

At 3.26 sigma, the Epida Society of Fernando Barbosa Neto appears active, online, and functional. Its President is Andrew Aus; Member Officer is Erdem Yilmaz; and, vice-membership officers Michael Baker and Phil Elauria.[1] The World Intelligence Network describes the society as follows:

Epida is a high IQ society founded on 09/01/2010 for people with an IQ equal to or higher than 152 on a scale using a standard deviation of 16. This is to say that 0.06% of the world population would qualify.

The word ‘Epida’ actually embodies the minimum criterion for admission. How so? An IQ of 152 is 3.25 standard deviations above the mean, 3.25 is equal to 3 + 1/4. Realizing that the first letter of ‘plus’ is ‘p’ and the first letter of ‘division’ is ‘d’, and replacing these symbols with these letters in ‘3+1/4’ one obtains ‘3p1d4’. Replacing the numbers with their similarly-shaped letters in the western alphabet, one obtains Epida!

In the forum, there are discussions on the topics of intelligence, puzzles, science and philosophy.

Although, its copyright on the web domain states “2012,” which leads to questions about the degree of activity if “active.”

At 3.33 sigma, the sinApsa Society of Marin Filinic appears defunct on first pass and second pass. One only receives a “.swf” file – be careful with “.swf” files in general.

At 3.66 sigma, the SPIQR Society of Marco Ripà appears functional while inactive or on an old platform on the first pass. It has a listing on the World Intelligence Network with the statement:

sPIqr is an international society, founded on 18th February 2010 with the purpose of bringing together people who pass the 99.98 percentile in two or more selected IQ tests.

The acronym sPIqr derives from the Italian pronunciation of the crest S.P.Q.R., that is, “Senatus Populusque Romanus”. Furthermore, pi=3.1415… is the relationship between the diameter of a circle and its perimeter. In the mind of humankind, the circle has always represented the ideal of perfection. Obviously sPIqr also contains the letters “IQ”, which indicates the core element of this kind of virtual cafe.

The purpose of the sPIqr is to make people aware of how important the inclusion of gifted children is within the school system. Very often these brilliant children have to face up to a hostile environment that doesn’t allow them to fully express their abilities.

sPIQr Society appears online, functional, and with an active member listing on the second pass[3]. Ripà is active on YouTube on a channel devoted to interests of his and talks by him.

At 3.73 sigma, the Coeus Society of Martin Tobias Lithner looks defunct on the first pass as well as the second pass. The Hall Of The Ancients (HOTA) of Brennan Martin looks defunct on first pass and second pass. The RationalWiki website states:

Founded by a psychic and advocates pseudo-eugenics as well as authoritarianism, oh boy. Apparently all decisions for the common man should be made by the smartest .001% of the population. If Mensa is the Rolex of high IQ clubs then this one is the totally legitimate “Rollex” that you bought from the flea market.

The Vertex Society of Steven Wagner-Damianowitsch appears defunct on the first pass with a new use for the web domain. However, based on correspondence with Steven Wagner-Damianowitsch, Vertex Society is active, though small in membership, with 29 members in its 14 years in existence. The sigma of 3.75 for the membership (not precisely 3.73) may explain this low membership. Its non-defunct (second pass found) website states:

Fellows Society for Exceptionally and Profoundly Gifted (FSEPG) – Vertex, is an International Nonprofit Association gathering individuals with scores above IQ 160 SD16 on professional, standardized tests of intelligence – a rarity of 1/11,000 or 3.75 standard deviations above the mean – as far as intelligence can be reliably measured. It is one of the very few associations whose members are selected by means of professional, standardized, supervised intelligence tests only, which makes the society entrance claim undoubted as per standards of the scientific community.

FSEPG Vertex also fills an enormous gap. Up until the foundation of Vertex, there have existed no societies with entry requirements between 3 and 4 standard deviations.
Societies, many of which ambiguous with regard to the validity of their admission tools, often clutter at the same cut-off points, providing no gradation, and introducing confusion.

As FSEPG Vertex is aimed at the opposite, it was deemed useless unless being strongly based on the use of professional tests only, and providing finer gradation to the properly qualified members of the HIQ community. It is on these two principles that Vertex Society has been founded on and to which it is pledged to adhere.

Founded in the summer of 2006.

The Vertex Society Distinguished Research Fellow is Angelica Partida Hanon. Its research fellows are Martin M. Jacobsen, Evangelos Katsioulis, Thomas Chittenden, and Silvio Di Fabio. Its Distinguished Fellow is Stephan W.D. Its society fellows include Stephan W.D., Joshua A. Patterson, Vittorio Emanuel Lestat, Eduardo Correa da Costa, Angelica Partida Hanon, David Lubkin, Nathan Bourgoin, Paul Laurent, Stephen D. Flax, Marios Prodromou, Martin M. Jacobsen, Joseph Getti, Bernhard Junker, Milos Tatarevic, C. Vnt, Thomas Joseph Hally, Wayne Zhang, Evangelos Katsioulis, Hideharu Kobayashi, Aubrey Ellen Shomo, John Argenti, George Christos Petasis, Thomas W. Chittenden, Kevin J. Curley, Jeremy Leland Hauger, Dr. Jürgen Koller, Thomas Dalsgaard Nielsen, Andreas Kounis-Melas, and Silvio Di Fabio.

At 4 sigma, the Camp Archimedes Society of Fivos Drymiotis and Lestat seems defunct with a website disabled on the first pass and the second pass. The Epimetheus Society of Ronald K. Hoeflin appears functional and potentially active, though uncertain on the latter point; this is based on first pass and second pass review. Ronald Hoeflin has been a busy man.[4] The Ergo Society of Luis Enrique Pérez Ostoa seems defunct. As with the sinApsa Society, one only receives a “.swf” file – be careful with “.swf” files, not necessarily this one. RationalWiki describes the Ergo Society:

The people who devote days of their life to finishing complex puzzles are the real heroes. Ergo was set up to reward these self-sacrificing doyens of high IQ societies with free access to more complex puzzles for them to solve, ostensibly to assist with norming. Don’t think too hard about that concept or it starts to resemble unpaid work.

On first pass and second pass, the Ergo Society is defunct. The HELLIQ Society of Evangelos Katsioulis appears functional and active, though segmented from the World Intelligence Network web domain as a website.[5] Its website states:

HELLIQ Society is the new millennium high IQ society for the profoundly gifted homines intelligentes. Founded on the first day of the third millennium (01/01/2001) by Dr. Evangelos Katsioulis MD, HELLIQ functions as an entirely web based superior intelligence community.

HELLIQ Society is the 2nd member society of the World Intelligence Network (WIN)

Terminology

Helliq members are symbolically referred to as HELLIA.

The first component of the Society name is meant to be highly related with the Greek word for GREEK, which is HELLENIC and also with the Greek word for the sun, which is HELIOS. The Society name consists of two components: the first component consists of the first four letters, HELL, before the second IQ component. The number of letters of the component HELL- corresponds to the minimum number of standard deviations (4) on an intelligence performance required for membership.

Its presidents have been Marc-André Groulx, Thomas B., Stephan Wagner Damianowitsch, and Evangelos Katsioulis. Its vice-presidents have been Wayne Zhang, Evangelos Katsioulis, Djordje Rancic, D.T., Ph.D., and Thomas B. Its web officers have been Evangelos Katsioulis, Stephan Wagner-Damianowitsch/Stephan Wagner Damianowitsch, and David Bergman. Its membership officers have been Evangelos Katsioulis, Bruno Alpi, and Tan Kaijie. On first pass and second pass, the HELLIQ Society is not defunct. The Prometheus Society of Ronald K. Hoeflin looks functional, active, and longstanding. Its current President is Maco Stewart. Its current Editor position is vacant. Its current Membership Officer is Maco Stewart. Its current Treasurer is Brian Schwartz. Its current Internet Officer is Karyn Huntting Peters. Its current Ombudsman(/woman/person) is Shannon Hasenfratz Gardner.[6] Prominent members have been Ronald Hoeflin, Marilyn vos Savant, Karyn Huntting/Karyn S. Huntting, and Dan Barker. On the second pass, one can see a boasting of over 100 members worldwide. However, some previously functional links on the website are no longer functional. On first pass and second pass, the Prometheus Society is not defunct. Next, the Sigma IV Society of Hindemburg Melão appears to have members, though seems inactive at this time, i.e., paralytic.[7] It has 171 subscribers and 14 members. Its website states:

Founder: Hindemburg Melão Jr.
 
Theoretical Cut-off: 99,997%

 
Admission Criteria: IQ above 164 or equivalent true rarity in the following tests (only these tests):

Members: Sigma Test, Sigma Test VI, Sigma Associations Test, Sigma Analogy Test (+s4)

Subscribers: members of Sigma II

The Tetra Society of Mislav Predavec looks active. It has a decent number of members. Its “functionaries” are membership officer Frandix Chun Him Chan and the founder & president Mislav Predavec.[8] On first and second pass, the Tetra Society seems non-defunct.

At 4.01 sigma, The Platinum Society of Hindemburg Melão seems defunct on first and second pass. The AtlantIQ Society lists the society as a dead society, too.

At 4.27 sigma, the Eximia Society of Patrick Kreander seems defunct. The UltraNet Society of Gina Losasso and Christopher Langan appears defunct on the first pass. On the second pass, Gina Losasso should be, respectfully, Dr. Gina Langan, which is not the listed name or qualification on the World Intelligence Network website. Same with Dr. Ronald Hoeflin too. Others had truncated academic titles too. The “UltraNet Society” should be the Ultranet of the Mega Foundation, where the Ultranet appears to have moved to the platform of Patreon devoted to the noble stated aim of the assistance of the severely gifted.

At 4.8 sigma, the GenerIQ Society of Mislav Predavec seems defunct on the first pass, though with a website on the second pass with unknown levels of activity. Its website states:

Founded in the year 2002, with the main goal to register and gather individuals with highly developed abilities of strict logic, abstract thinking, and reasoning, this society in its kernel has the intention to create a competitive but friendly environment for its members and visitors as well. This society has not an intention to build itself a temple, nor make a shrine to its members in an elitistic manner of discriminating intelligence of other people, but to tease the brains of people who are aware of their high intellectual potentials.

In fact, there are not many people out there who have proven their outstanding intelligence at the level 1 out of 100,000 or 1 out of a million people, they can be counted on fingers of one hand, or two maybe. The list of admission tests which this society recognizes and accepts as a proof of someones IQ is not very long, but that is to be expected since there exist more tests than members.

At the moment, the society has 19 full and 15 prospective members from 20 countries on 5 continents.

The Incognia Society of Luis Enrique Pérez Ostoa appears defunct on first pass and second pass. The Mega Society of Ronald K. Hoeflin looks active, functional, and longstanding.[9] Its officers include Administrator Emeritus Jeff Ward, Administrator Brian Wiksell, editors Richard May and Ken Shea, and Internet Officer Daniel Shea. Unfortunately, there was significant controversy within the Mega Society leading to the Mega Society suing for stoppage of the use of their name many years ago based on the requisite legal documentation. The evidence and outcome is in the legal documents available on the Mega Society website.[10] Another aspect of the Mega Society with some potential for cold water required at this time because of widespread misinformation. Some individuals took the Mega Test, in particular, under pseudonyms or fake names & real names for two attempts rather than once. The reality of the matter, the most legitimate test scores should be the real name and the first attempt on any given test, especially in consideration of experimental or alternative tests. Over the Mega Test, several individuals garnered minor fame for the scores: Marilyn vos Savant, Rick Rosner/Rick G. Rosner, Chris Langan/Christopher Michael Langan, John H. Sununu/John Henry Sununu, Keith Raniere, and Solomon W. Golomb. The individuals who took the test twice while using fake names for one of the attempts were Rick Rosner posing as “Richard Sterman” and Chris Langan/Christopher Michael Langan presented as “Eric Hart.” Rosner/“Sterman” scored 44/48 on the first attempt on the Mega Test. Langan/ Hart” scored 42/48 on the first attempt on the Mega Test. Marilyn vos Savant scored 46/48 on the first attempt on the Mega Test – higher than anyone on the first attempt and under the real name. Thus, there is no king of the Mega Test; there is the Queen, though: Marilyn (Mach) vos Savant. The scores on the Mega Test on the sixth norming for Langan/“Hart,” Rosner/“Sterman,” and vos Savant, for the 42/48, 44/48, and 46/48, would be, on S.D. 16, IQs of 174, 180, and 186, respectively. Subsequently, in issue 206 of Noesis: The Journal of the Mega Society, David Redvaldsen published an article or republished an article entitled “Do the Mega and Titan Tests Yield Accurate Results? An Investigation Into Two Experimental Intelligence Tests.” In it, he produced a different set of norms of the Mega Test and the Titan Test. Redvaldsen’s norms would earn Langan/“Hart,” Rosner/“Sterman,” and vos Savant, IQs of 163, 167, and 170+, respectively, on an S.D. of 16. Therefore, on the Mega Test scores, and on an S.D. of 16, between the Redvaldsen norming and the sixth Hoeflin norming, the first attempts – the truer scores on the Mega Test, even ignoring the use of a fake name and the status of an alternative test and not a mainstream test, though a higher quality one – would yield IQs between 163 to 174 for Langan/“Hart,” 167 to 180 for Rosner/“Sterman,” and 170+ to 186 for vos Savant, respectively. Other scores claimed in the 190s, 200s, or even 210, would amount to irresponsible/naive journalism and media hype in mostly minor and medium-sized media outlets in regards to the Mega Test. Redvaldsen reviewed the Titan Test, too, as per the title of the republication. Wikipedia is an unreliable source of information in some, even many, cases. As far as I can tell, “C. Minor” stipulated on the Rick Rosner Wikipedia page does not exist, which claims a tie on the Mega Test and Titan Test scores by the, at the time, 15-year-old person. Do not take the statement of “irresponsible/naive journalism and media hype” from me, alone, to the heart of the matter, the idea of the highest possible general intelligence test score seems worth abandoning to some degree. To take this from an interview with Dr. Ronald Hoeflin, no single highest IQ can be claimed, legitimately, or, at least, seriously, as follows, in “An Interview with Dr. Ronald K. Hoeflin on “The Encyclopedia of Categories,” Family History and Feelings, Upbringing and Giftedness, and Aptitudes (Part One)” (2019); Hoeflin states:

The Guinness Book of World Records abandoned its “Highest IQ” entry in 1989 because the new editor thought (correctly) that it is impossible to compare people’s IQs successfully at world-record level. The highest childhood IQ I know of was that of Alicia Witt, who had a mental age of 20 at the age of 3. Even if she had been 3 years 11 months old, this would still amount to an IQ of over 500! At the age of 7, she played the super-genius sister of the hero in the 1984 movie Dune. On a normal (Gaussian) curve such an IQ would be impossible since an IQ of 201 or so would be equivalent to a rarity of about one-in-7-billion, the current population of the Earth. But it is well known to psychometricians that childhood IQs using the traditional method of mental age divided by chronological age fail to conform to the normal curve at high IQ levels. The Stanford-Binet hid this embarrassing fact in its score interpretation booklet (which I found a copy of in the main library of the New York Public Library) by not awarding any IQs above 169, leaving the space for higher IQs blank! The CMT avoids the embarrassment of awarding IQs of 500 or more by having a maximum possible IQ on Form A (the harder of the two CMTs) of 181. Leta Speyer and Marilyn vos Savant, both of whom I had dated for a time, had been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as having world-record IQs of 196 and of 228, respectively, Marilyn having displaced Leta in the 1986 edition. Leta felt that the 228 IQ of Marilyn was fake, but I was aware that these childhood scores could go well beyond 200 IQ because they fail to conform to the normal curve that Francis Galton had hypothesized as the shape of the intelligence curve in his seminal book Hereditary Genius (first edition 1869, second edition 1892). I was unable to contact Alicia Witt to see if she would be interested in joining the Mega Society. I should note that the three key founders of the ultra-high-IQ societies (99.9 percentile or above) were Chris Harding, Kevin Langdon, and myself. Harding founded his first such society in 1974, Langdon in 1978, and myself in 1982. Mensa, the granddaddy of all high-IQ societies with a 98th percentile minimum requirement, was founded in 1945 or 1946 by Roland Berrill and L. L Ware, and Intertel, with a 99th percentile minimum requirement, was founded in 1966 or 1967 by Ralph Haines. I don’t care to quibble about the precise dates that Mensa and Intertel were founded, so I have given two adjacent dates for each. In its article “High IQ Societies” Wikipedia lists just 5 main high-IQ societies: Mensa, Intertel, the Triple Nine Society, the Prometheus Society, and the Mega Society (minimum percentile requirements: 98, 99, 99.9, 99.997, and 99.9999, respectively; or one-in 50, one-in-100, one-in-1,000, one-in-30,000, and one-in-1,000,000; dates founded: roughly 1945, 1966, 1979, 1982, and 1982; founders: Berrill and Ware, Haines, Kevin Langdon, Ronald K. Hoeflin, and Ronald K. Hoeflin, respectively.

To claim the smartest person in the world is far too premature, even now, and, in many respects, illegitimate, as an example in the case of the Mega Society, the most authoritative source stipulates the same, i.e., the creator of the Mega Test, the Titan Test, the Ultra Test, and the Power Test, and the founder of the Prometheus Society (1982), the Mega Society (1982), the Top One Percent Society (1989), the One-in-a-Thousand Society (1992), the Epimetheus Society (2006), and the Omega Society (2006), or Dr. Ronald Hoeflin, as per the above statement. Marilyn vos Savant, Rick Rosner/Rick G. Rosner, Chris Langan/Christopher Michael Langan, John H. Sununu/John Henry Sununu, Keith Raniere, and Solomon W. Golomb took the Mega Test. As far as I know, at least, Rosner, of the aforementioned, took the Titan Test. He scored perfect on it. Rosner is the only individual to ever achieve this on the Titan Test, which is before the compromise of the Titan Test. The first Hoeflin norming of the Titan Test is on an S.D. of 16 and would yield an IQ of 190+ if a perfect score or 48/48. However, with Redvaldsen’s norming, 48/48 would correspond to an IQ of 168+, which makes Rosner’s Titan Test perfect score corresponding to an IQ of 168+ to 190+ on an S.D. of 16 between the Redvaldsen norming and the first Hoeflin norming, respectively. The Mega Society takeaway: Both the Titan Test and the Mega Test have been officially compromised; the Ultra Test and the Power Test are accepted for membership purposes of the Mega Society now; vos Savant is the Queen of the Mega Test, while Rosner is the King of the Titan Test; its flagship publication, Noesis: The Journal of the Mega Society, continues to publish irregularly under the editorial leadership of Ken Shea and Richard May, previously under Kevin Langdon. An addendum: Granted, these are higher quality alternative tests, though not mainstream general intelligence tests, which can make all the difference. Next, the Omega Society of Ronald K. Hoeflin seems functional and longstanding with an unknown activity level.[11] The Pi Society of Nikos Lygeros is active and functional on the first pass and second pass with extensive data on its website. Lygeros almost contains an overwhelming database of material there.

Thank you for your attention.

[1] Two categories not included in these listings were hidden members and removed members because these provided zero data, except an additional n to the N. Full members of the ISI-Society include Bruno Alpi, Mari Donkers, Paul F. Kisak, Mateusz Kurcewicz, Dieter Wolfgang Matuschek, Jesmond Debono, Roger Kircher, Robbie Dawson, Mike Hess, Alberto Matera, Karl Wilhelmson, Andre Valentic, Michael Ronnlund, Santanu Sengupta, Djordje Rancic, Barry Howard, Anna-Karin Burman, Enrico di Bari, Grant J. Fisher, Glenn Prince, Florian Schroder, Reinhard Matuschka, Edward Vanhove, Terry Strobaugh, Nileon Dimalaluan Jr., Mick Dempsey, Antoniou Constantinos, Torben Sorensen, Jörg Zurkirchen, Marc Heremans, Maria Casillas, Tommy Smith, David Bergman, Keith Takishita, Arne Blak, Marco Roger Graf, Andreas Gunnarsson, Martin Dresler, Robert Brizel, David Giltinan, Stefan Lindberg, Pawel Bulacik, Karin Lindgren, Dylan Taylor, Jonathan May, Jan Merolant, Gilad Skyte, Christian Hohenstein, Tetsuji Nishikura, Georg Michael Strasser, Andrew McGowan, Jean-Eric Pacaud, Rahul Horé, Bart Lindekens, Eric Avendaño, Matthew Dascombe, Bill Clark, Magnus Adamsson, Patrick Allain, Uros Petrovic, Alan O’Donnell, Thomas B., Kirk Butt, Mikael Andersson, Juha Varis, Xavier Reinhard, Pawel Janic, Isaac Ifrach, Vidar Sinding, Chris Chsioufis, Joseph Tomlinson, Richard Stephenson, Robert Bergelson, David Holler, William Handyside, Peter Ingestad, Achim de Vivie, Denis Quéno, Ulf Westerlund, Tommi Salokivi, Christopher Galiardo, Dan Duval, Ashish T. Vaswani, Ian Dowling, Walter Yazdani, Reejis Stephen, Hideharu Kobayashi, Chris Wales, Koji Ito, Adam William Kisby, Jan Glowaski, Ryan Sloan, Collette Carlson Kisby, Kasper Olsen, Romain Simoni, Kaj H. Forsell, Frédéric Lion, Richard M. Riss, Masaaki Yamauchi, Pamela Staschik Neumann, Christos Apostolidis, Thierry Bourret, Jean Loup Agache, Patrick J. Maitland, Joseph Limpert, Andrzej Figurski, Gary Robinson, Gerasimos Politis, Thomas Faulkner, Pedro López, Frederick Fritz Reitz, Shi-hyung Lee, André Ruo, Andreas Wolf, K.Siong Eng, Joe Fitzgerald, William F. Hamilton III, Walter van Huissteden, Papageorgiou G. Pantelis, Konstantinos Ntalachanis, Waddaah, Ivan Ivec, Marcus Gemeinder, Armin Becker, Peter Uebele, Chivorn Kouch, Henrik Hjort, Vittorio E. Lestat, Jani Kristian Savolainen, Panuwat Srimuang, Fivos R Drymiotis, Neil Z. Miller, Thomas Hally, Wayne Guy Butterfield, Aris Giachnis, Sandra Schlick, Alan Willis, César Tomé-López, Chris Haerringer, Wayne Zhang, Serge Miserez, Tobias Lindberg, Athanasios N.Nikolakopoulos, Todd H. Fox, David Lubkin, Ole Mose, Paul Laurent, Maco Stewart, Greg A. Grove, Andrés Leonardo Gómez Emilsson, Okay Karakas, Todd Emslie, Jyrki Leskelä, Martin M. Jacobsen, Daniel Solis, Dallayce Bright, Blake Woodward, Julie Tribes, Eric Lionel Pratte, Gérald Grossmann, Heo Hoon, Didier Jacquet, Justin Benedict, Jamie Stroud, Anna Ayanova, Han-Kyung Lee, Aaron Light, José Gutiérrez Sáez de Castillo, Robert Herceg, Nate Durham, Frederik Kerling, Erik Dellcrantz, Rudimar Schmitz, Anirban Bhattacharyya, Don Watson, Gi Beom Bae, Jan Snauwaert, Dong Su Ryu, Rodrigo Garcia Kosinski, Burak Yulug, Chris Liggett, Jan Antusch, Anthony William Lawson, Dany Provost, Thuy-Vi Ton That, Hope Hanson, Robin Bourbon, Antonio Rada García, Takeshi Amagi, Jeff Goldman, David Quint, Yusaku Hori, Pablo Fernández González, Hakan Erdil, Craig Albrecht, Perry Choi, Stefan Majoran, Gabriel Silvasi, Shinji Okazaki, Christian Croona, Ivo Rubic, Christoph Gersdorff, Jeff Leonard, Øyvind Torsen, Ernie Marasigan, Paul Landuyt, Aleksandra Vidanovic, Richard Lemyre, Richard Sharp, Joshua Sparks, Maciej Slowinski, Luka Banic, Afsin Saltik, Jarl Victor Bjørgan, James T. Keating, Patrick J. McShea, Shack Almon, Wesley Sampson, Leonardo Casetta, Francisco Rodriguez, Carlos Lourenco, Jürgen Koller, Elizabeth Anne Scott, Dong Khac Cuong, Yoshihito Niimura, Torbjoern Brenna, Ryan Jackson, Andrea Gelmetti, Lasse, Theodosis Prousalis, Fernando Sánchez, Silvana Paredes, José González Molinero, Gary Barnett, Jonatas Müller, Nikhil Dhamapurkar, Gary Song, Jérôme-Olivier Billet, Jacqueline Slade, Warren Tang, Martin Tobias Lithner, Alex Stamatiades, Baku Saito, Kaloyan Kraev, Grant Meadors, Adam Robert Kowal, Darb, Ivan Yovev, Cui Bingyu, Patrick John Kreander, Jon Scharer, Eddie Sudzilovsky, Michael Baker, Andrew Aus, Martijn Tromm, Jingzhi Yang, Rodrigo Mate, Zhiyong Tu, Alexander Herkner, Hever Horacio Arreola Gutierrez, Brad Schmaltz, Akshay Goel, Sunder Rangarajan, Adílio Gomes da Silva, Wang Yue, Hiromitsu Tsugawa, Robert Rose-Coutré, Andreas Andersson, Ina Bendis, Jeffrey Rosenthal, Wang Yang, Brennan Martin, Shi Li, Victor Sanchez Martin, James Gordon, Sérgio Duarte da Silva, Jingbo Zhang, Miguel Angel Soto-Miranda, Clement M. Lee, Silvio Di Fabio, Nikolaos Ulysses Soulios, Yui Yamaguchi, Tom Högström, Kimmo Kostamo, Ryuta Arisaka, Ting Fu, Bo Østergaard Nielsen, John Argenti, laolu Osunbayo, George Walendowski, Andrew Rigg, Nguyen Thai Hoang, Wayne Cooper, Peter D Rogers, Jonas Hiller, Liu Jiapeng, José Zumaquero, Anja Jaenicke, [Omitted by request], Göran Åhlander, Louis Sauter, Kim Chow, Julio Machado, Claus-Dieter Volko, David B. Olson, Panagiotis Karabelas, Konstantinos Ntatsis, Nicolò Pezzuti, Konstantinos Kolokotronis, Arjan van Essen, George Ch. Petasis, Yuki Yamanaka, Jonathan Englert, Igor Dorfman, Vicente Lopez Pena, Paul Merino, Ivan Rasic, Erik Hæreid, Kei Suzuki, Raymond Mulvey, Iakovos Koukas, Kamil Tront, Romeo Cairme, Jr., Dalibor Marinčić, Theo Leworthy, Victor Hingsberg, Johnathan Machler, Alexandru Georgescu, Gareth Rees, Burkan Bereketoğlu, Noriyuki Sakurai, Jeremy Buras, John Kaspo, Jakub Oblizajek, Alican Yavuz, Dimitrios Sourlas, Charles Rykken, James McBeath, Thom Devine, Woo Chun Onn, Mohd  Faizal Bin Azman, Lukáš Puškáš, Vsileios Nikolousis, Filippo de Donatis, Sai Praveen Srinivasan, Andre Gangvik, Måns Kämpe, Emmanuel F., Trevor Simpson, Frederick Goertz, Alessandro Campana, Alessia Iancarelli, Ujjwal Dey, Jérôme Kelber, Rabi Rashmi Roy, Samyak Shrestha,  Daniel Fourie, John Zadeh, Simon Chatzigiannis, Jung-su Yi, Robert T. Bucci Jr., Niko Vilhunen, Taher Hansen, Sung-jin, Kim, Michael D. Mehlman, Saif Lalani, Antonio Fortunato, Andreas Olausson, Marcus Olander, Lee Sunggil, Gabriel Garofal, Seiryu Yamane, Hiroki Fujiwara, Kim Jin Seok, Logan Smith, Ed Fernandez, Christopher Angus, Joachim Lahav, Yuhui Sun, Chuanchuan Li, Bruce Nye, Javier Río Santos, Dionysios Maroudas, Rodrigo Cerqueira Cunha, Altuğ Alkan, Shota Miura, Igor Bogdanic, Waichiro Horiuchi, WeiJie Wang, Zhang Yang, Koyo Yoshihara, Soojung Bae, Ashraya Ananthanarayanan, Elcon Fleur, Taemin Song, Naoki Kouda, Guocheng Wu, Richard Sheen, Jan Claes, Natalie de Clare, Kathy A Kendrick, Nobuya Nakagawa, Sam Thompson, Stefano Pierazzoli, Kaishi Terashima, Shuji Yamada, Anders Hellström, Yun Dong Yeo, Makoto Takenaka, Naomi Takenaka, Wang Zhangyuan, Federico Calarco, Daisuke Fujimori, Kenzou Oohashi, William J. Novalany, Steven Grieco, Haoran Zhang, Giulio Cosio, Edison Yin, Oscar Holtner, Jiwhan Park, Luca Fiorani, Naoki Kawabe, Danfei Gu, Hanane Benfreha, Takahiko Kei, DongSu Kim, Kazuhiko Watanabe, Tomohiko Nakamura, Mikihiko Fukunaga, Maciek Matys, Stergios Protogerou, David Espinoza, Keith Blanton, Niels Ellevang, Yuri Matsuo (Hosaka), Akinori Oomoto, Gheorghe Alin Petre, Xiaoming Cai, Chihiro Hamazaki, Fernando Pardo, Alessandro Canzonieri, Hua Weixiang, Shenglei Chen, Iwane Hiroyuki, Johan Kennebjörk, Takashi Egawano, Georgios Kyriakakis, Fabio Castagna, Gildas Sidobre, Qiwei Qin, Roberto Giammattei, Hidenori Ohnishi, Alexi Edin, Valeria Chiara Lanari, Kiyoshi Sasamoto, Takayuki Hiraga, Satoshi Aoki, Ryo Kawai, Konstantinos Vlachopoulos, Rafael Parrilla Blanco, Francesco Carlomagno, Satoki Tsuji, Jaidip Singh Chauhan, Shinobu Kakimoto, Noah, Kyung Suk Min, Arturo Escorza Pedraza, Wakamatsu Tomohiro, Taisuke Uchida, Christopher Travis Park, Veronica Palladino, Yohei Furutono, Hong xu Zhu, Suei Ting Jhao, Terence P Blackburn, Shojun Yamazaki, Tetsuhito Karasumaru, Song Yuan Zhuang, Anthony Brown, Lorenzo Malica, Sao Yoma, Wong Tai Wai, Xu Chen, Andrea Dalboni, Zhengxinxin, Mark Strobl, Denis Manuel Walch, Ensong Zhang, Bryne Tan, Kenjirou Uesaka (kamisaka), Masahiko Okamoto, Michinori Ando, Marios Prodromou, Yushi Iwai, Anshika Ashok Verma, Tsukimi Yuki, Chiho Jimba, Kounosuke Oisaki, Chihiro Takeuchi, Jewoong Moon, Kentaro Takiguchi, Ziyuan Wang, Joe Bolognese, Ryuichi Onuki, Christian Sorensen, Akihiro Yamada, Annelie Oliver, Jiahao Wang, Jo Christopher M. Resquites, Yukun Wang, Nicos Gerasimou, Alessandro Zerillo, Weng Yang, Joseph Hayes, Jinhua Ren, Huanyun Chen, ZhongLin Leo, Ryoji Tanaka, Hiroki Hirabayashi, Thomas J Hally, Tin Chun Bun, David Kelly, Junxi Niu, Akitomo Kibihara, Byunghyun Ban, Junshuo Chang, Wang Yang, Deng Yue, Qichen Huang, Zhang Wenxuan, Shaopin Wang, Takumi Omote, Masashi Asano, Aníbal Sánchez Numa, Wing Yuk Wong, Maximilian-Andrei Druta, Tatsuki Chiba, Yaoita Kento, Yingyi Ding, Nitish Joshi, Hiroki Kaya, Kenta Onoda, Sheng Hu, Akira Miyamoto, Silva Huang, Ritoprovo Roy, Lee Junho, Genki Sugiura, Wei Lai, Maki Hashida, Koji Takahashi, Hiroyuki Shigeta, Keigo Morishita, Tatsuhiko Ogata, Masumi Kawauchi, Carlo Maina, Nam Kyu Ha, Koki Morioka, Toshihiro Kawasaki, Frank Aiello, Zhuohao Yuan, Jonas Haas, Yao Xu, James Dorsey, James Richard Lorrimore, Barry Beanland, Yu Lin Lu, Gaetano Morelli, Nikolai von Boetticher, Eugene Kim, and Jeffery Lee Humphrey.

Also, there are  a smaller number of subscribers including Leonardo Gomes, Stanislav Hatala, Guner Rodop, Phil Randolph, Bruno Alessi, Jeremy Whitley, Michael Fassbender, Kelly Dorsett, Alan Wong, Ingerid Annette Huseby, Matthew Campbell, David Coldwell, David Testerini, Robert Blais, Neoclis Neocleous, Lars Lowe Sjösund, L. Lin Ong, Shawn Clinton, Miguel Castro, Christian Sohl, Andreas Sjöstrand, Shailendu Shroff, Kai Verh, Jim Calkins, Samantha Hamblin, Shaun Sullivan, Eric Stillwachs, Alisa Meesomboon, Michael Tedja, Cedric Johnson, Steve Sunabacka, Julia Zuber, Richard Cadle, Omar Abdallah, Jean Bai, Drew Sanner, James Marshall, Tayo Sandono, Scott Silveria, Nomar Alexander Norono, Rodríguez, Henning Droege, William Heacock, Nuno Jorge Mesquita Baptista, Mike Tarnower, Lim Surya Tjahyadi, Jonathan Childers, Tonny Sellén, John Thomas McGuire, Shailaja Suresh, Chaena Lee, Therese Waneck, Jaegyeong Park, Mathias Dedic, Daisuke Inami, Sajan Bhaskaran Nair, Zhang Shijian, Sudarshan Murthy, Masao Shimada, Layne Walton, Teruyuki Mochizuki, Wang Ziyu, Sriram Balasuramanian, and Baosong Chen.

[2] The stipulated members from the website as follows: President: Andrew Aus (ENG), Membership Officer: Erdem Yilmaz (TUR), Vice-Membership Officers: Michael Baker (USA) and Phil Elauria (USA), Honorary Members: Martin Tobias Lithner (SWE), Brennan Martin (NZE), Mislav Predavec (CRO), Marco Ripà (ITA), and Evangelos Katsioulis (GRE), Full Members: Fernando Barbosa Neto (BRA), Adam Kisby (USA), Paul J. Edgeworth (USA), Michael Baker (USA), Nikhil Dhamapurkar (IND), Zachary Timmons (CAN), Gerasimos Politis (GRE), Pamela Staschik-Neumann (GER), Joshua Sparks (USA), José González Molinero (SPA), Deron K. Holmes (USA), Jonatas Müller (BRA), Brendan Harris (CAN), Thiago Cruz Silva (BRA), Giulio Zambon (ITA), Leif E. Agesen (NOR), Giorgio Milani (ITA), Phil Elauria (USA), Armin Becker (GER), Marios Prodromou (CYP), Yusaku Hori (HKG), Rudolf Trubba (CZR), Edmund James Koundakjian (USA), Jon Scott Scharer (USA), Francisco Rodriguez (HON), Yoshiyuki Shimizu (JAP), Gary Song (CAN), Alexander Herkner (GER), Paul Laurent Miranda (SPA), Guillaume Chanteloup (FRA), George Stoios (GRE), Lim Surya Tjahyadi (INA), Juan Gonzalez Liebana (SPA), Erdem Yilmaz (TUR), Hever Horacio Arreola Gutierrez (MEX), Ron Winrick (USA), Torbjorn Brenna (NOR), Ken Jarlen Olsen (NOR), Aaron Ellison (USA), Kyodou Lee (CHN), Gaetano Morelli (ITA), Sunder Rangarajan (IND), Bowen Wang (CHN), James Richard Lorrimore (UNK), Willian Talvane Arestides Ferreira da Silva (BRA), Yu Lin Lu (TWN), Jarl Victor Bjorgan (NOR), Vjeran Misic (B&H), Joseph Anthony Tomlinson (USA), Christine Van Ngoc Ty (FRA), Ryoji Honda (JAP), Jadesom Leonardo Haenich (BRA), Igor Dorfman (ISR), Graham Powell (ITA), Ting Fu (CHN), Solomos Nikolaos (GRE),  Beau Clemmons (FRA), Barry Beanland (DUB), John Argenti (USA), Nicolò Pezzuti (ITA), George J. Walendowski (USA), Nuno Norte de Sousa Silva (POR), Ole Mose (DEN), Martijn Tromm (NLD), and Jorge Del Fresno Viejo (SPA), Prospective Members: Aman Bagaria (IND), Constantí Cabestany (SPA), Nomar Alexander Norono Rodríguez (VEN), Andrea Toffoli (ITA), Lena Carlota Ruiz (CAN), Julia Zuber (GER), Subscribers: Nuno Jorge Mesquita Baptista (POR), and Nathália Geraldo (BRA).

[3] The Full Members List constitutes 130 members with hidden members removed with a rarity of 1/5,443 per member: Adrian Wojcik, A. G. Gonzàlez, Alessandro Campana, Alessandro Caruso, Alessandro Guardascione, Alexandru Georgescu, Andrea Casanova, Andrea Casolari, Andrea Dalboni, Andrea Gelmetti, Andrea Forti, Andrés Robles Jimenez, Andrew Aus, Anthony Brown, Antonio Del Maestro, Arne Andre Gangvik, Arturo Escorza Pedraza, Bernhard Junker, Christian Sorensen Feliu, Christine VNT, Claus-Dieter Volko, Dalibor Marincic, Daming Gao, Dan-Yang Sun, Deron K. Holmes, Didier Jeandrevin, Didier Jacquet, Dionysios Maroudas, Donatello Puliatti, Edoardo Perrone, Eirini Skliva, Emmanuel F., Enrico Rossetto, Enrico Strona, Eric Salinas Garcia, Erik Haereid, Evangelos Katsioulis, Fernando Barbosa Neto, Filip de Meulenaere, Filippo de Donatis, Francesco Concas, Francisco A. Retamal Reinoso, Frederick Goertz, Gabriel Garofalo, Gabriele Tessaro, Gaetano Morelli, Gary Song, Gaspare Delle Fave, George Ch. Petasis, Gerasimos Politis, Gianluigi Lombardi, Gianmaria Ruozi, Giulio Coci, Giuseppe Di Nunzio, Göran Åhlander, Hever H. Arreola Gutierrez, Iakovos Koukas, Ivan Ivec, Javier Rio Santos, Jawdat Wehbe Wehbe, Jiseong Kim, Jo Christopher M. Resquites, John Argenti, José Gonzalez Molinero, Juan Gonzalez Liebana, Juho Karenlampi, Kamil Tront, Keni Gripshi, Klemens Großmann, Kota Akishige, Liu Jianpeng, Lorenzo Malica, Luca Codeluppi, Luca Farinelli, Luca Fiorani, Manahel Thabet, Marc-André Nydegger, Marco Ripà, Marios B. Prodromou, Mattia Pedota, Michael Baker, Jr., Michele Sergi, Miroslav Radojevic, Nicholas Hadjiyiannis, Nicola di Bona, Nicolò Pezzuti, Nikolai von Boetticher, Nikolaos Soulios, Pamela Staschik-Neumann, Paul Laurent, Pietro Ferraro, Raymond Walbrecq, Ricardo Rossello, Rick Farrar, Roberto Enea, Roberto Farah, Roberto Mattei, Roberto Stella, Rudolf Trubba, Samyak Shrestha, Sandra Schlick, Shenglei Chen, Simone Mazzoccoli, Simon Olling Rebsdorf, Sriram Balasubramanian, Stanislav Riha, Stefano Pierazzoli, Steffen Bode, Stephan Wagner Damianowitsch, Sudharshan Moorthy, Takatsugu Muroya, Thomas Fishbeck, Tim Roberts, Tomohiko Nakamura, Torbjorn Brenna, Valeria Chiara Lanari, Valerio Stancanelli, Varidh Katiyar, Vasileios Nikolousis, Victor D. Sanchez Martin, Vincenzo Iovino, Watcharaphol Chitvattanawong, WeJie Wang, Yaniv Hozez, Yan Leduc-Chun, Yao Xu, Yohei Furutono, YoungHoon Kim, Yui Yamaguchi, Zhang Yang, and ZhiHang Li.

The Prospective Members Listing is a rarity of 1/70 people with 85 members where the hidden members have been removed: Alessandro Canzonieri, Alessandro Pacitto, Alessia Iancarelli, Alexander Herkner, Alican Yavuz, Andrea Tesone, Andrea Toffoli, Andrew Hayles, Annelie Oliver, Barry Beanland, Beau Clemmons, Burkan Bereketoglu, Cesare Mazzaferro, Christopher Angus, Chiang Li Ching, Cindy Smith, Clifton Palmer McLendon, Constantì Cabestany Monge, Corinna Mazzillo, Donato Stolfa, Emanuele Gianmaria Possevini, Fabrizio Bertini, Fabrizio Fadini, Fatih Kiratli, Ferran Pericay Turnes, Flavio Furlan, Gabriele Nunnari, Gianmarco Bartellone, Giorgio Poli, Gregor Carter, Gyuri Kim, Hiromitsu Tsugawa, Hyunsik Matthew Cho, Ivan Siano, Jakub Oblizajek, Jaysal Bhatt, Jeremy Christian Buras, Jewoong Moon, Jihwan Han, Jin Young Park, Johnathan Machler, José Gutierrez Sáez, Juha Starck, Jung-su Yi, Juwone M. Gim, Karim Serraj, Kei Suzuki, Kim Chow, Landon Tyler Bennett, Leonardo Caregnato, Lorenzo Buschi, Martina Bonciani, Masaaki Yamauchi, Massimo Caliaro, Michela Fadini, Michele Tedesco, Mike D., Miriana Lallo, M. K. Benazzi Jabri, Moreno Casalegno, Nicos Gerasimou, Nomar A. Norono R., Norberto Costa, Noriyuki Sakurai, Nuno Silva, Okay Karakas, Roberto A. Rodriguez, Roberto Canino, Romeo Cairme, Jr., Ronen Sabo, Rosario Alessio Ronca, R. K., Savvas Tsigas, Simone Forchiassin, Sung-Jin Kim, Teresa Denora, Therese Waneck, Tim Griffith, Troitsky Nemovich, Vincenzo D’Onofrio, Vitaliano Di Grazia, William Smith, and Yu-Lin Lu.

[4] Its membership listing as follows: Don Stoner, Genius Society, The Mind Society, alliqtests.com, Guilherme M. S. Silva, Chris Eichenberger, Enigmadness.com, Stevan Damjanovic, Victor Lestat, Richard May, Kevin Langdon, Dallayce Bright, John C. Fila, Ph.D., Patrick J. Maitland, Thomas R. Caulfield, Jr., Terry Stickels, Adam Kisby, Dany Provost, Jyrki Leskelä, Richard M Riss, Bruno Alpi, Andreas Albihn, Jan Antusch, Kenneth E. Ferrell, Dan Hogan, Jeff Christopher Leonard, Brennan Martin, Ron Padova, Martin Tobias Lithner, and Thomas Imondi.

[5] Its members listing as follows: 01. Dr Evangelos Katsioulis, MD, MA, MSc, PhD, 02. Bart Miles, 03. Laura N. Kochen, 04. Andy Wininger, 05. Jean-Eric Pacaud, 06. Thomas A. Smith Jr., 07. L. K., 08. Thomas B., 09. Andrzej Figurski, 10. André Valentic, 11. J. W., 12. M. T., 13. Ira Gibson, 14. George Ch. Petasis, 15. Alexandre Prata Maluf R.I.P., 16. Stephan Wagner Damianowitsch, 17. Mateusz Kurcewicz, 18. Tan Kaijie, 19. Alberto Matera, 20. Marcus Voyer, 21. D. X. J., 22. Anonymous H22, 23. Jason Young, 24. Joseph Tomlinson, 25. Michael Rönnlund, 26. Muhammad Faisal Tajir (prospective member), 27. Jonas Högberg, 28. Djordje Rancic, 29. Marc-André Groulx, 30. Robert Brizel, 31. F. S., 32. Henrik Eriksson, 33. Marc Heremans, 34. David Bergman, 35. Arne Blak, 36. Steve Schuessler, 37. Thomas Hallgren, 38. Maria Casillas, 39. A. F., 40. Jan Willem Versluis, 41. D.T., Ph.D., 42. Bruno Alpi, 43. Francisco Javier Guerra Prieto, 44. Dr Jason Betts, 45. Rudolf Trubba, 46. Hever Horacio Arrreola Gutierrez, 47. Wayne Zhang, 48. Chris Harding, 49. Santanu Sengupta, 50. Brendan Harris, 51. Didier Jacquet, 52. Martin Tobias Lithner, 53. G. U. L., 54. Jean-Loup Agache, 55. Marios Prodromou, 56. Yoshiyuki Shimizu, 57. Rodrigo Erazo Hermosilla, 58. Miguel Angel Soto-Miranda, M.D., 59. Anonymous H59, 60. Dong Khac Cuong, 61. Eduardo C. da Costa, 62. Jan Antusch, 63. Eva, 64. Wang Peng, 65. Bertrand Frederic Evertz, 66. Bernhard Junker, 67. Yan Detao, 68. Anonymous 30, 69. Minjae Kwon,70. Ruediger Ebendt, 71. Afsin Saltik, 72. Liu Jiapeng, 73. Satoki Takeichi, 74. Tadayuki Konno, 75. John Argenti, 76. Jiseong Kim, 77. Xu Hanwen, 78. Kila Lau, 79. Chen Jingjing, 80. Anonymous 34, 81. Erik Hæreid, 82. Thomas W. Chittenden, PhD, DPhil, 83. Dr Manahel Thabet, PhD, 84. Zhongzhen Wu, 85. Sherwyn Sarabi, 86. Noriyuki Sakurai, 87. Jaime, 88. Erikson dos Santos, 89. Anonymous H89, 90. Sandro Zanin, 91. Dario C, 92. Jung-su Yi, 93. Anonymous H93, 94. Anonymous H94, 95. Youngjin Kim, 96. S. B., 97. William Michael Fightmaster, 98. Jinsung Kim, 99. Yi Junho, 100. JooYoung Kim, 101. Gabriele Tessaro, 102. Frederick Goertz, 103. Gabriel Garofalo, 104. Nikolaos Katevas MDs, BSc, MSc, PhDc, 105. Naoya Kitano, 106. Gaetano Morelli, 107. WenGao Ye, 108. Wittawas Ratchatajai, 109. Anonymous H109, 110. Cho Sanghyun, 111. Bae Gibeom, 112. Seung-Su Lee, 113. YoungHoon Bryan Kim (김영훈), 114. Hiroki Tsubooka, 115. Haakon Mathias Dedic, 116. Anonymous H116, 117. Anonymous H117, 118. Lu Junhong (卢俊宏), 119. Moto Kobayashi, 120. Waichiro Horiuchi, 121. Anonymous H.121, 122. Xie Yanxi, 123. Anonymous H123, 124. Masahiro Nishimura, 125. Ryo Taniguchi, 126. Koyo Yoshihara, 127. Anonymous H127, 128. Dao Thanh Chung, 129. Tetsukimi Brian Beppu, 130. Ryo Matsui, 131. Motohiro Goto, 132. Zhong Jinshuo, 133. Qin Bin, 134. Nobuo Yamashita, 135. Jeongtae Kim (김정태), 136. Robin Spivey, 137. Yoshitake Yamamoto (山本 祥武), 138. Mario Angelelli, 139. Yu Wakabayashi (若林友), 140. Sawayanagi Yosirou, 141. Yoon Dong Yeo, 142. Sam Thompson, 143. Sadateru Tokumaru, 144. Makoto Takenaka (竹中 誠), 145. Daichi Hashimoto, 146. Yuxiang Dai (戴宇翔), 147. Mikihiko Fukunaga (福永幹彦), 148. Eri, 149. Hiroki Yoshizawa, 150. Keita Nakano (中野 恵太), 151. Roger Dagostin, 152. Hua Weixiang (华为翔), 153. Edison Yin, 154. Anonymous H154, 155. Gouichi Motoyoshi, 156. Shiroyuki Hori, 157. Onishi Yozo, 158. Morita Shiga (志賀 盛太), 159. Akihito Tanaka, 160. Liu Xin (刘欣), 161. Koichi Omura (大村 光一), 162. Weiming Xie, 163. Haoran Zhang, 164. Danfei Gu (顾单飞), 165. Anonymous H165, 166. Masanao Otaka, 167. Hiroshi Araki, 168. Dr. Soumei Baba, Ph.D., 169. Hiroaki Hatano, 170. Susumu Ota, 171. Kihiro Inno (印野 希宏), 172. Yuta Yamamoto, 173. Tomohito Yamada, 174. Takahiko Kei, 175. Koichiro Kimura, 176. Kanae Matsumoto(松本 香苗), 177. Naoki Kawabe (川辺直樹), 178. Yoshihisa Kimura, 179. Tomo Hirasawa (平澤 朝), 180. Gheorghe Alin Petre, 181. Naoto Tani, 182. Tatsuya Maruyama, 183. Marina Inamoto, 184. Kyoichi Yamanaka, 185. Takamitsu Endo (遠藤貴光), 186. Yuta Miyamoto, 187. Makoto Takahashi (高橋 誠), 188. Snježana Štefanić Hoefel, 189. Tomohiko Nakamura (中村 友彦), 190. Yukino Asayama (ユキノ アサヤマ), 191. Kuniho Takahashi, 192. Weida Feng (冯威达), 193. Keishi Ishii (石井啓嗣), 194. Andrea C., 195. Anonymous H195, 196. Rickard Sagirbey, 197. Shintaro Michi (道 慎太郎), 198. Ryota Yuasa, 199. Shino Sawai, 200. Kazuma Takaishi, 201. Shinji Morihiro, 202. Ryunosuke Nakamura, 203. Flaviano Cardella, 204. Christopher Garcia, 205. Yoshihiro Maki, 206. Hiroko Tanaka (田中裕子), 207. Takumi Kitajima, 208. Yuna Fumioka (文岡佑奈), 209. Yusuke Hayashi, 210. Naofumi Ohmura (おおむら なおふみ), 211. Lunavidere Yuki Tsukimi (月見裕貴), 212. Yohei Terashima, 213. Satoshi Aoki, MD, 214. Yoshihiro Seki ( 関 佳裕 ), 215. Kento Masuno, 216. Anonymous H.216, 217. Daiki Shuto (首藤 大貴), 218. Junlong Li (李俊龙), 219. Michio Oyama, 220. Hirofumi Ohta (大田 浩史), 221. Yohei Furutono, 222. Kohnoshin Miyajima, 223. HaYoung Jeong, 224. Shouchen Wang (王首辰), 225. Entemake Aman (阿曼), 226. Takashi Egawano, 227. Hiroyuki Kataoka, 228. Ogawa Yoshiyuki, 229. Shoya Taguchi (田口 将也), 230. Anonymous H230, 231. Masaharu Kurino, 232. Hayato Kusuno, 233. Naoki Tanaka, 234. Arata Osaki (尾﨑 新), 235. Kyung Min Kim, 236. Masao Shimada (島田マサオ), 237. Masahiko Kudo (工藤 昌彦), 238. Yosuke Ito, 239. Yuta Suzuki, 240. Satoshi Sakuma, 241. Yuki Suzuki, 242. Daniel Persson, 243. Adrian Wójcik, 244. Makoto Nishi, 245. Mitsutoshi Kiyono,  246. Shohei Nagayama, 247. Ngoc Minh Nguyen, 248. Hong Jin, 249. Kotaro Narita (成田 幸太郎), 250. Kazuya Maeda (前田 一弥), 251. Takashi Imahiro, 252. Tiberiu Nicolas Sammak, 253. Anonymous H.253, 254. Cristian Birlea, 255. Noah (のあち), 256. Ryota Abe (阿部 涼太), 257. Takayuki Okazaki, MD, PhD, 258. Ayaka (朱花), 259. C. D., 260. Watcharaphol Chitvattanawong (วัชรพล ชิตวัฒนวงษ์), 261. M. S., 262. Anonymous H.262, 263. Saori.Y, 264. Ryuichi Sameshima (隆一 鮫島), 265. Yuze Chen, 266. Vikramdip SIngh Chauhan, 267. Naoki Kouda, 268. Serge Korovitsyn, 269. Tetsuhito Karasumaru, 270. Huiquan Liu (刘慧泉), 271. Mitsumasa Okamoto, 272. Dr Yatima Kagurazaka, MD (やちま), 273. Aki Okabayashi M.D., 274. Michael Lunardini, 275. Yukihiro Takahashi (Lotta), 276. Anthony Brown, 277. Shinichiro Ishii, 278. Y Hamaguchi, 279. Yusaku Matsuda, 280. Kodai Minami, 281. Stian Eiesland, 282. Nozomu Kimura, 283. Katsumi Takahashi, 284. ZhiHang Li, 285. K. Suto, 286. Suyeong Lee (이수영), 287. Kamil Tront, 288. Ivan Yovev, 289. Kohei Tsutsumi (堤 昂平), 290. Hiroki Onodera, 291. Kazusa Shobu, 292. Kevin Wang (王凯文), 293. Chan-Young Hong (홍찬영), 294. Nicola Di Bona, 295. Toshizou Horii, 296. Anonymous H.296, 297. Anonymous H.297,  298. Leszek Mazurek, 299. Takao Shiotsuki (塩月崇雄), 300. Jin Nozawa, 301. Kounosuke Oisaki (生長 幸之助), 302. Anonymous H.302, 303. Jewoong Moon, 304. Yukun Wang (王宇坤), 305. Wu Siqian, 306. Mizuki Ejiri (エジリミズキ), 307. Go Tanuma (田沼 豪), 308. Shuichi Watanabe, 309. Narise Saara, 310. Kazuma Matsudo, 311. Kota Akishige, 312. Makoto Hida, 313. Moe Uchiike, 314. Kento Yaoita, 315. Ryoji Tanaka (田中 良治), 316. Takayuki Inada (稲田 喬之), 317. Tin Chun Bun (田俊彬), 318. Zhang Wenxuan(章文暄), 319. Benoit D., 320. Satoki Sugiyama (杉山怜希), 321. Dae Galjangguun, 322. Chihiro Nishiyama (西山 千尋), 323. Kohei Kikuchi, 324. Masakaze Mizutani (水谷 優風), and 325. Håkon Rosén, 326. b 327. Kazuki Maeda, 328. Shuji Kikuchi, and 329. Jiaxin Kowk.

[6] Its listed past presidents, past editors, past internet officers, past treasurers, past membership officers, past ombudsmen, and appointed positions as follows:

Past Presidents

RONALD K. HOEFLIN, PHD (Founder) | May 84 – Jul 84

JEFFREY WARD | Jul 84 – Aug 87

PATRICK HILL | Aug 87 – Feb 88

DAVID WYMAN | Feb 88 – Feb 90

GRADY TOWERS | Feb 90 – Apr 90

RICHARD MAY | Apr 90 – Oct 98

FRED VAUGHAN | Oct 98 – Feb 99

FREDRIK ULLEN, PHD | Feb 99 – Apr 01

STEVE SCHUESSLER | Apr 01 – Mar 03

FRED BRITTON | Mar 03 – Oct 17 *

KARYN HUNTTING PETERS | Sep 16 – Oct 17 **

KARYN HUNTTING PETERS | Oct 17 – Mar 18 **

WALLACE RHODES | MAR 18 – NOV 19 ***

* Britton on sabbatical Sep 2016 – Oct 2017; resigned Oct 2017

** Acting while Britton on sabbatical Sep 2016 – Oct 2017

*** Resigned without completing term in Nov 2019

Past Editors

RICHARD MAY | May 84 – Jul 84

GREGORY SCOTT | Jul 84 – Apr 85

ANTON ANDERSSEN, JD | Apr 85 – Apr 89

ROBERT DICK | May 89 – Jan 90

GRADY M. TOWERS | Jan 90 – Apr 91

ROBERT DICK | Apr 91 – Jun 91

MONTY C. WALKER | Jun 91 – May 93

ROBERT DICK & DAN BARKER | May 93 – Sep 94

ROBERT DICK | Sep 94 – Aug 96

FRED VAUGHAN | Aug 96 – Jun 99

JAMES C. HARBECK | Jun 99 – Apr 01

MICHAEL CORRADO | Apr 01 – Mar 02

FRED VAUGHAN | Mar 02 | Feb 05

VACANT | Feb 05 – Oct 06

STEVAN DAMJANOVIC | Oct 06 – Sep 08 (Guest Editor) *

VACANT | Sep 08 – Jan 09

GREG DECUBELLIS | Jan 09 – May 11

VACANT | May 11 – Aug 12

DAN HOGAN | Aug 12 – Jun 14

KARYN HUNTTING PETERS | Jun 14 – Oct 17 **

ANDREW CLARK | Oct 16 – Mar 18 (Acting) ***

ANDREW CLARK | Mar 18 – Apr 19 ****

* Indicates a non-Member holding the position of Editor/Officer

** Appointed by Britton to fill vacant position

*** On becoming Acting President, Peters appointed Clark as Acting Editor

**** Resigned without completing term in Apr 2019

Past Internet Officers

FRED VAUGHAN | Nov 96 – Nov 99

FREDRIK ULLEN, PHD | Jan 99 – Mar 99

STEVE SCHUESSLER | Mar 99 – Apr 01

Past Treasurers

GREGORY SCOTT | May 84 – Aug 84

GARY R. BRYANT | Aug 84 – Jan 86

RICHARD ADAMS | Jan 86 – Nov 87

JALON LEACH | Nov 87 – Aug 96

BARRY KINGTON | Aug 96 – Oct 97

FRED BRITTON | Oct 97 – Mar 03

Past Membership Officers

ROBERT DICK, PHD | May 84 – Feb 99

GINA LOSASSO, PHD | Feb 99 – Nov 99

BILL MCGAUGH | Nov 99 – Apr 01

ALFRED SIMPSON | Apr 01 – Mar 18

Past Ombudsmen

RICHARD MAY | Aug 84 – Dec 94

HAROLD NICKEL | Dec 94 – Nov 97

GUY FOGLEMAN | Nov 97 – Dec 99

VACANT | Dec 99 – Jan 00

JOHN D. MARTINEZ | Jan 00 – Jan 01

JEFF PLEW, MD | Jan 01 – Mar 03

JOHN C. FILA, PHD | Mar 03 – Jun 14

MACO STEWART | Jun 14 – Mar 18

Appointed Positions

MACO STEWART & THOMAS BAUMER | Co-chairs, Membership Committee

[7] Its membership list as follows: Hindemburg Melão Jr., Petri Widsten, Alexandre Prata Maluf, Rauno Lindström, Peter David Bentley, Bart Lindekens, Joachim Lahav, Marc Heremans, Staffan Svensson, Will Fletcher, Marko Korkea-Aho, Kevin Yip, Kristian Heide, Patrick Allain, Muhamed Veletanlic, Albert Frank, Enrico di Bari, Richard Crago, José Antonio Francisco, Brian Daniel Appelbe, Reinhard Matuschka, Emilio López Aliaga, Donald A. Martin Jr., Gustavo Marcel Borges Monzon, Daniel Lapointe, Herbert Kimura, Tetsuji Nishikura, Mikael Andersson, Marc Fauvel, Christian Hohenstein, Anton Dilo, Dieter Wolfgang Matuschek, Darko Djurdjic, Guilherme Marques dos Santos Silva, Lloyd King, Juha Varis, Ulf Westerlund, and Marcelo Penido Ferreira da Silva.

[8] Its 80 members listed as follows: Glenn Alden (NOR), Takeshi Amagi (JPN), John Argenti (USA), Andrew Aus (UK), Gi Beom Bae (KOR), Michael Baker (USA), Cedric Bernadac (FRA), Jérôme-Olivier Billet (FRA), Li Bingming (CHN), Torbjörn Brenna (NOR), Tomasz Bucki (POL), Dario C. (ITA), Frandix Chun Him Chan (HKG), Christoffer Collin (SWE), Eduardo Correa da Costa (BRA), Eugenio Correnti (FRA), Milan Čebedžić (SRB), Jesmond Debono (MLT), Giuseppe Di Nunzio (ITA), Vincenzo D´Onofrio (ITA), Ladislav Dubravský (SVK), Rüdiger Ebendt (GER), Paul J. Edgeworth (USA), John Fahy (USA), Kenneth E. Ferrell (USA), Marin Filiniæ (CRO), Frederick Goertz (USA), James Huntley Gordon (USA), Erik Hæreid (NOR), Heo Hoon (KOR), Yusaku Hori (HKG), Leon Hostetler (USA), Ivan Ivec (CRO), Liu Jiapeng (CHN), Yi Junho (KOR), Bernhard Junker (GER), Adam Kisby (USA), Iakovos Koukas (GRE), Vasyl Kovalchuk (UKR), Domagoj Kutle (CRO), Tomas Lagerberg (SWE), Jeff Christopher Leonard (USA), Jim Lorrimore (UK), Johan T Lindén (SWE), Patrick J. Maitland (AUS), Stefan Majoran (SWE), Dalibor Marinèiæ (BIH), Paul Laurent Miranda (ESP), Jose Gonzalez Molinero (ESP), Tomohiko Nakamura (JPN), Caspar Nijhuis (NED), Gaetano Morelli (ITA), Marc Andre Nydegger (SUI), Jakub Nowak (POL), Konstantinos Ntalachanis (GRE), Shinji Okazaki (JPN), Papageorgiou Pantelis (GRE), Thalis Papakonstantinou (GRE), Chris Park (USA), Luis Enrique Pérez Ostoa (MEX), Nicoló Pezzuti (ITA), Nikola Poljak (CRO), Mislav Predavec (CRO), Marios Prodromou (GRE), Theodosis Prousalis (GRE), Denis Queno (FRA), Caner SaKar (GER), David James Smith (USA), Moon Seong Soo (KOR), Dong-Su Ryu (KOR), Franco Sent (MLT), Charles Schatz (SUI), Santanu Sengupta (IND), Jorge Antonio Sosa Huapaya (PER), Satoki Takeichi (JPN), Gabriele Tessaro (ITA), Joseph Tomlinson (USA), George Walendowski (USA), Yui Yamaguchi (JPN), and Wayne Zhang (CHN).

[9] Some of its listed members and qualifiers, and/or contributors (running back to early 2000s) to Noesis: The Journal of the Mega Society, Circle, Titania, and Titanic in the past several years include Werner Couwenbergh, Marcel Feenstra, YoungHoon Kim, Kevin Langdon, Richard May or “May Tzu,” Daniel Shea, Jeff Ward, Rick Rosner, Ken Shea, Mark Kantrowitz, Chris Cole, Marilyn vos Savant, John H. Sununu, (the late) Solomon W. Golomb, Brian Wiksell, Chuck Sher, David Seaborg, Kevin Kihn, Jeffrey Matucha, James Kulacz, Jadzia Bashir, Tal Brooke, Rex Hubbard, Ray Faraday Nelson, Andrew Beckwith, Sam Thompson, Ruediger Ebendt, Carl Masthay, David Minster, Miriam Berg, Darien De Lu, Howard Schwartz, Jay Wiseman, Marcel Feenstra, Ron Yannone/Ronald M. Yannone, Wallace (Dusty) Rhodes/Wallace Rhodes, Bob Griffths, Richard Badke, Tal Brooke, Richard Ruquist, Charles Schwartz, Garth Zietsman, Michael Edward McNeil, R. Fred Vaughan, Patt Wilson McDaniel, Brian Schwartz, Chris Harding, Joseph Chieffo, Albert Clawson, Dale Adams, Tom Hutton, Rev. Dr. George Byron Koch, Ian Williams Goddard/Ian Goddard, Frank Nemec, Daniel Heyer, Robert Dick, Karyn Huntting Peters, A.W. Beckwith, Valerie Zukowski, Michael C. Price, Glenn Morrison, Glen Wooten, Edward O. Thorp, Lenore Langdon, Nicholas C. Hlobeczy, John Ostendorf, Dean Inada, Christopher Harding, Lee, Charles W. Trigg, Joe Griffith, Myrna Reid Grant, GFS, NPR, Fred Metcalf, Paavo Airola, David Niven, John Burrows, Joe Griffith, Eugene Jackson and Adolph Geiger, Alfred S. Posamentier and Ingmar Lehmann, Ed Harshman, Des MacHale, Paul Sloane, Dai Takeuchi, Linda S. Gottfredson, Neil J. A. Sloane, John J. Watkins, Nancy Melucci, Marcus Hanke, N. E. Genge, Joe Griffith, Rand Lewis, Arthur S. Hulnick and Oleg Kalugin, Stephen J. Spignesi, Joey Green, Laura Bush, Nadya Labi, Jill Perry (Caltech Media Relations), Robert W. Allen, Lorne Greene, and George Henry Moulds, Patric Hadenius, Betsy Hills Bush, Rhonda Hillbery, James Bamford, Don C. Johnson, Ellen Simon, Don Walsh, Bryan Curtis, Michael Holt, H.W. Corley, J. R. O’Neil, Michael Erard, Holbrook L. Horton, Lewis R. Aiken, Jean Kumagai, Jim DeBrosse, Colin Burke, Ron Knott, Gerald E. Bergum, David von Drehle, Layman E. Allen, Russell Ash, Joseph S. Madachy, Albert Frank, Mac Anderson, Rob Fess, Jerzy Luberda, Yaron Givli, Bill Corley, Miodrag Petkovic, Eugene Ehrlich, Albert Frank, Brian Schwartz, Chris Langan, Jeffry R. Fisher and Karen Ferrara, Nikos Lygeros, Gary Sockut, Grady Tower, Jim Ferry, Mike Hess, Sol Waters, Charles Petrizzi, Charles Tart, Robert Low, Miriam Berg, Hank Pfeffer, Celia Joslyn, James Randi, Darryl Miyaguchi, Paul Cooijmans, Bob Park, Celia Manolesco, Paul Maxim, Cyril Edwards, Anthony Robinson, Ludmilla Stukalina, Melih Yalcinelli, Robert Hannon, William Sharp, Alan Aax, Peter Schmies, H. Scott Morris, Pete Pomfrit, LeRoy Kottke, D.H. Ratcliffe, Clive Price/Mike Price/ M. C. Price, Norman Hale, Marcel Feenstra, Kevin L. Schwartz, Philip Bloom, Geraldine Brady, Anthony J. Bruni, Chris Cole, Robert Dick, George Dicks, Eric Erlandson, Marcel Feenstra, James D. Hajicek, Ron Hoeflin, Kjeld Hvatum, Johan Oldhoff, A. Palmer, Dr. P. A. Pornfrit, Carl Porchey, Keith Raniere, Steve Sweeney, S. Woolsey, Jeff Wright, Carlos Biro, N. Harvey Lavery, Kevyn Vander Jeenius, Geraldine Brady, Robert D. Russell, Norman Hale, Carlos Biro, N. Harvey Lavery, Kevyn Vander Jeenius, Geraldine Brady, Robert D. Russell, Norman Hale, Jeffrey Wright, M.N. van der Riet, Ken Wood, Donald Scott, Marshall Fox, Daryl Inman, John Mathewson, Andrew Egendorf, Louis K. Acheson Jr., John McAdon, William H. Archer, H. Herbert Taylor, Johannes D. Veldhuis, H. W. “Bill” Corley, Arval Bohn, Donald E. Frank, Hughes Gervais, Dirk E. Skinner, Donald Scott, Ferris Alger, Carl J. Porchey, Cedric Stratton, ‘James Tetazoo,’ Phillip Bloom, Avrom A. Rosen, John Springfield, Stefan Giesecke, Ray Wise, Karl G. Wikman, Edgar M. Van Vleck, Avrom A. Rosen, William I. Hacker, William Sharp, Steve Hoberman, A. Palmer, Willy W. van Roosbroeck, Steve Sweeney, Peter Adrian Wone, William H. Archer, Jane Clifton, Bill Irvin, Grace LeMonds, Dean L. Moyer, Gina Kolata, Andy Soltis, Darlene Wade, Donald McFarlane/McFarlan, Roland S. Phelps, Robert D. Russell, Barry Kington, Eugene H. Primoff, Daniel L. Pratt, Marvin Lee, Gary H. Memovich, Joshua Taylor, Rush Eikine, Christine E. Splan, Uri Wilensky, Keith Andrew Tuson, Joseph O’Rourke, William Hacker, Leonard R. Weisberg, Sherry Haines, David W. Kelsey, Jane V. Clifton, Francis Simon, Ferris E. Alger, Laura van Arragon, Norris McWhirter, and others, probably, who I missed – with some as co-authors, article submitters, or letter writers to Noesis: The Journal of the Mega Society, Circle, Titania, and Titanic (working with the resources available). Also, some organizations republished or published materials in there, too.

[10] Documentation and hyperlinks from the Mega Society website includes “A Short (and Bloody) History of the High-IQ Societies” (Darryl Miyaguchi), Judgment in The Mega Society v. Chris Langan (March 2003), and National Arbitration Forum Decision (ICANN arbitration, The Mega Society v. Dr. Gina Lynne LoSasso d/b/a Mega Foundation, January 2004) [Ed. Hyperlinks are active.].

[11] Omega Society’s listed members as follows: Adam Kisby, Angell O. de la Sierra, Brian M. Schwartz, Brian Wiksell, Dany Provost, David Michael Fabian, David Smith, John Fahy, Kemin Tsung, Patrick J. Maitland, Richard May, a.k.a. May-Tzu, Robert S. Munday, and Ken Shea.

Photo by Francisco Ghisletti on Unsplash